Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord. Die Einsatzgruppe D in der südlichen Sowjetunion, 1941-1943

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Black
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
The South ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
Soviet Jews ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Truth ◽  
The Individual

Andrej Angrick's definitive work on Einsatzgruppe D is more than a history of the mobile killing unit, for the latter did not operate in a vacuum, but cooperated with the German military authorities to realize Nazi occupation policy in the south Ukraine and the Caucasus. In Angrick's words, Einsatzgruppe D was the “first and most radical instrument for the formation of the to-be-conquered Lebensraum” (p. 732). German determination to recast the ethnic composition of the U.S.S.R. was no “desk fantasy,” as reflected in the priority placed on settlement planning, which required the disappearance of Soviet Jews. Unlike Jewish communities in the western U.S.S.R., where survival of some was guaranteed by the need for labor, survivors in areas “worked” by Einsatzgruppe D were “minutely few”(p. 733). Angrick notes that his work is “perpetrator history”: his perpetrators permitted few victims to survive; and those who did were primarily peasants and Red Army soldiers whose stories were not told after the war. Nevertheless, postwar statements of the perpetrators assist the historian to “reconstruct … the internal history of the unit, down to the individual,” although cautions about judicial and historical “truth” should be well taken.

scholarly journals The development and realization by the nazi leadership of the wehrmacht’s plans of the offensive operation for the spring-summer campaign of 1942 in the south wing of the soviet-german front

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-462
Author(s):  
Sergei Ivanovich Linets ◽  
Ludmila Ivanovna Milyaeva ◽  
Aleksandr Sergeevich Linets ◽  
Margarita Sergeevna Bogoslavtseva ◽  
Olga Borisovna Maslova
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The South ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
German Army ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning

The article shows the history of the development by the German High Command of the plans of the Wehrmacht’s offensive operation in the south wing of the Soviet-German front for the spring-summer campaign of 1942. The objective of this paper is to elaborate on some individual aspects of the planning by the Nazi leadership of “Case Blue” (German – Fall Blau) and its subsequent realization. The result of this correction was a quick creation of the two new strategic plans: “Operation Braunschweig” – the offensive against Stalingrad and “Operation Edelweiss” – the offensive against the Caucasus. In the paper, the authors as a conclusion note that such dispersion of the armed forces of the German army led in the end to the shortage of forces for the realization of the both plans and the defeat of the Wehrmacht both in Stalingrad and in the battle of the Caucasus. The victories of the Red Army in those battles resulted in the radical turning-point at the entire Soviet-German front, in the beginning of the liberation of the Soviet territories from the German occupation troops.

The Politics of Debt and Europe's Relations with the 'South'

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
The South ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Past Injustice ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global North ◽  
The Individual ◽  
North And South

While debt has the capacity to sustain social relations by joining together the two parties of a debt relation, it also contains the risk of deteriorating into domination and bargaining. Throughout history, different understandings of debt have therefore gravitated between reciprocity and domination, making it a key concept for understanding the dynamics of both social cohesion and fragmentation. The book considers the social, spatial and temporal meanings of this ambiguity and relates them to contemporary debates over debts between North and South in Europe, which in turn are embedded in a longer global history of North-South relations. The individual chapters discuss how debts incurred in the past are mobilised in political debates in the present. This dynamic is highlighted with regard to regional and global North-South relations. An essential feature in debates on this topic is the difficult question of retribution and possible ways of “paying” – a term that is etymologically connected to “pacification” – for past injustice. Against this backdrop, the book combines a discussion of the multi-layered European and global North-South divide with an effort to retrieve alternatives to the dominant and divisive uses of debt for staking out claims against someone or something. Discovering new and forgotten ways of thinking about debt and North-South relations, the chapters are divided into four sections that focus on 1) debt and social theory, 2) Greece and Germany as Europe’s South and North, 3) the ‘South’ between the local, the regional and the global, and 4) debt and the politics of history.

scholarly journals Insurrectionary Movement in the Cossack Regions of the South of Russia: Causes and Political Forms in 1920—1924

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 428-442
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Yakhutl ◽  
V. V. Kasyanov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Society ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
The South ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Class Composition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

On the example of the insurrectionary movement of the Cossacks and peasants of the Don and Kuban in the early 1920s, one of the most difficult issues in the history of the transition from the policy of war communism to the new economic policy is considered. The reasons and manifestations of the insurrection in the South of Russia in 1920—1924, its influence on the content of reforms in the region are revealed. The features of the “white-green” movement in the southern Russian stanitsas, conditioned by the historically established order of land use, the forms of stanitsa self-government, the estate and class composition of the population, are established. It is noted that the relevance of the study increases in the context of rethinking the reforms of Russian society, the need to strengthen the social base of reforms and conflict resolution. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that for the first time we consider the insurrectionary movement not as a class confrontation, but as a confrontation between the authorities and the South Russian community, represented by various estate, class groups and socio-political movements. The factors for regulating the conflict during the transition to NEP have been established. The author comes to the conclusion that the “pacification” of the Cossack regions of the South of Russia took place not only through the active use of the regular units of the Red Army and security forces, but also through compromise decisions that became the basis for the start of economic reforms.

Christianity in the Caucasian Albania

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
G. Seidova
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
History Of Christianity ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of

The paper discusses the history of the penetration and further spread of Christianity on the territory of present-day Russia, in the medieval state of Caucasian Albania, on the historical territory of most of present-day Azerbaijan, part of the south of Dagestan and Georgia. There existed an independent, having an apostolic beginning, Albanian Church. The fact that the sermon began in Derbent determines our desire to turn to the history of Christianity in our city, which was not just a part of the Christian world of Caucasian Albania, but also a long time residence of its patriarchal throne. Today, out of the 26 tribes that once made up the Albanian Union, one nation has survived, remaining faithful to Christianity — these are the Udins. The Udins were one of the first (313) in the Caucasus to adopt Christianity as the state religion, retained their faith and ethnic identity. Today they strive for their selfdetermination in religious and canonical relations.

A Survey of African Material in the Libraries and Archives of Protestant Missionary Societies in England

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 277-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maidel Cason
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
The South ◽  
Christian Missions ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
African Writer ◽  
Unique Source ◽  
Missionary Societies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
African Missions

The libraries and archives of mission societies provide rare, often unique, source material concerning the last two centuries of African history. The following survey of Protestant mission societies in England is based on a survey done in 1970. In 1978 letters were written to all societies listed in order to update the material. Replies were received from twenty-one. When no information was received in 1978 this has been indicated in the text. Bibliographical and reference material has also been updated. Included for each of the societies covered is a list of the areas where the society worked in Africa, the types of material held, the mission periodicals produced and notes about access.There are two guides available which cover some of the groups considered. Rosemary Keen's A Survey of the Archives of Selected Missionary Societies (1968) describes the archives of nineteen societies. It is very uneven in coverage and includes a number of inaccuracies. A Guide to Manuscripts and Documents in the British Isles Related to Africa compiled by Noel Matthews and M. Doreen Wainwright was published in 1971 based on a survey done in 1965. It covers eleven of the societies listed here and the extent of coverage is indicated in the individual sections.Early in this century a South African writer attempted to cover all of African missions south of the Sahara. Du Plessis' A History of Christian Missions in South Africa (1911) and his Evangelization of Pagan Africa (1929) are carefully done, detailed accounts from the South African viewpoint. In 1958 Gerdener continued the coverage of South African work with his Recent Developments in the South African Mission Field.

scholarly journals A poeticised indulgence. “The Beginning” by Andrzej Szczypiorski: A story of success

2021 ◽  
pp. 346-364
Author(s):  
Irina E. Adel'gejm
Keyword(s):  
Great Difficulty ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Moral Self ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
National Tradition ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Truth ◽  
The Individual

The article dwells upon the reception of the novel “The Beginning” (“The Beautiful Mrs. Seidenman”) by Andrzej Szcypiorski. The success of the book turned out to be an extremely clear evidence of the then state of the Polish society in terms of the attitude to the problem of participation / non-participation of Poles in the fate of Jews during the Holocaust and the development of a language adequate to this trauma. The reception of the novel once again showed that the sale of book products directly depends on its ability to indulge the requirements of a wide segment of consumers — but this does not necessarily apply to low genres. Szczypiorski’s “The Beginning” was the first artistic step in a public discussion concerning probably the most painful story in the history of Poland. The historical truth associated with it, on being silenced for decades, makes its way into the bright field of consciousness, even though with great difficulty and provoking resistance in various circles of the society. The experience of shame is hardly included into the baggage of memory, since it does not create a positive image of society and the individual as a part of it, and therefore any nation state seeks to suppress the memory of events that violate the declared commonality of the national tradition. However, the writer offers the society — which latently feels ethical discomfort, but in fact is not ready neither to revise the idea of itself as of a solely heroic victim of history, nor to reflect on the discourse of Polish patriotism, or to experience the emotion of collective shame — the illusion of moral self-purification and mourning for the exterminated Jewish population of Poland to soothe the conscience.

Abkhazia in books published by Russian authors of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-91
Author(s):  
Vasiliy Sh. Avidzba ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Russia ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

An analytical review of books dedicated to Abkhazia written by the 19th century Russian authors is presented in the article. Information about the history and culture of Abkhazia as well as of other regions of the Caucasus and parts of southern Russia can be found in the publications. The material under review revealed a trend of increasing interest in Abkhazia among Russian authors. If in the first half of the said century, information about Abkhazia had been published only in two books, all other books date back to the second half of the century. Their authors include the military, state officials, publicists, scientists, people of civil professions and religious figures. As a rule, they would write about the history of Abkhazia, the ethnographic and religious condition of the region; they reported on the ethnic composition of the peoples (tribes), the number, borders, monuments of Christian architecture; to a lesser extent, they paid attention to the political structure of the Abkhazian principality. Many of them wrote about the dramatic events of the 1860s and 1870s. Despite the fact that the books included in the review are not scientifically and artistically equivalent, they can serve as a significant source for the study of the history and culture of 19th-century Abkhazia as a whole.

scholarly journals Horse's hoof motif in the art of ancient nomads (genesis and symbolism)

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-105
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kisel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
The South ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Altai Region ◽  
Additional Detail ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Bronze Age

Among the motives of the ancient nomads’s art, the horse’s hoof attracts special attention of specialists. The sign of hoof is reproduced in the form of a schematic image of a part of a leg (sometimes a pair of hind legs) or an abstract pattern of the hoof’s footprint. Several regional cultural and stylistic areas can be distinguished. The first area is located in the Sayano-Altai region and adjacent territories. The figurative element of the hoof here is presented mainly on ladles and less often on cheek-pieces, and the abstract element of the hoof’s footprint placed on petroglyphs and harness buckles. The second area includes the Dnieper region, the Kuban region, the Caucasus and Iran, where both depicted elements are placed on the cheek-pieces. The South Ural is considered as a buffer zone where European and Asian influences collided. The figurative element here adorns mainly the cheek-pieces, while the abstract element decorates the buckles. The Khakass-Minusinsk Hollow and Kazakhstan are special areas with specific sets of items. The hoof signs in petroglyphs were depicted from the end of the Bronze Age up to the ethnographic time. The hoof signs on items appeared in the second half of the 8th – first half of the 7th century BC. The earliest finds were found in Altai. Probably the Asian territories played the most important role in the development of the hoof’s motive. The disappearance of the horse hoof images from nomadic art occurred in the 3rd century BC. In the second half of the 7th century BC the motive penetrated the Middle East with the carriers of the ancient nomadic culture. The motive of the horse’s hoof transformed into an additional detail of the animal’s figure — a mouth or an ear. The horse hoof was associated with certain ideas among the ancient nomads. The image of a horse’s hoof in petroglyphs served as a pictogram, ethnic or social emblem. The motive depicted on the objects could also serve as a symbol of a certain group of people. Presumably, these were the royal Scythians, known by the «History» of Herodotus, — an association of nomads those played a significant part in the formation of the archaic Scythian culture.

scholarly journals ABOUT THE CRITICAL APPROACH TO THE HISTORICAL SOURCE (Review on the article: Hakobyan H.E., Khapizov Sh.M. “A Journey to Armenia, Turkey and Cilicia” by the Bishop Vardan Odznetsi as an important source on the history of the Caucasus of the 18th – 19th centuries // History, archeology and ethnography of the Caucasus. Vol. 16. No. 1. 2020. P. 76-84)

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 830-841
Author(s):  
Ulvia Sh. Hacijeva
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Geography ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Political Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This publication is a response to the article by H.E. Hakobyan and Sh.M. Khapizov “A Journey to Armenia, Turkey and Cilicia” by the Bishop Vardan Odznetsi as an important source on the history of the Caucasus of the 18th–19th centuries”.  The information given in the article refers exclusively to ethno-political events in the South Caucasus at the end of the 18th century, which does not allow us to evaluate the work of Odznetsi as “an important source on the history of the Caucasus of the 18th–19th centuries.” The authors consider this source outside the historical geography of the region of the 18th century, when a number of khanates and sultanates existed in the eastern part of the South Caucasus, headed until the beginning of the   19th century Azerbaijani Turkic dynasties, and the territory of historical Armenia was the region of Ottoman Turkey in Anatolia. 

THE MEANS OF PSYCHOLOGISM IN THE WORK OF “UKRAINIANS IN EGYPT” BY A MILITARY INTERNEE HRYTS BOZHOK

2019 ◽  
pp. 304-311
Author(s):  
Nataliia Rozinkevych
Keyword(s):  
Modern Times ◽  
Current Period ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
Political Experience ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Historical Truth

In the current period of the globalization processes of the XXI century it is important to be aware of the exter- nal orientations and national priorities of Ukraine in the world scene. That presents a significant challenge, which depends on the state’s ability to implement its national, cultural, ethnic interests and needs, which are its motive power, and to pre- serve a set of values, symbols and customs to guarantee peace and safety and contribute to development and improvement as well as to be prepared for holding out against threats of external in internal confrontation, separation, identity crisis, political and religious instability. Therefore it is topical to study the works which help gain an understanding of historical truth and get to know the national ethnogenepool of Ukrainians better, which is the basis of their socio-political experience. Applying that approach to the little-known travelogue “Ukrainians in Egypt” by a Ukrainian political emigrant Hryts Bozhok the author of the article has developed a literary critical, historical and cultural understanding of the work concern- ing travels to the Near Eat which have not been thoroughly studied yet in Ukrainian humanistic sciences. The means of psy- chologism (the author’s characterization, diary notes, self-esteem, duality, portrait, detail, language, memories, scenery) are considered in the article. They show the psychophysiology of the character of a military internee who had to stay in a closed foreign place and who was worried about those times’ issues of a nation creation as well as general spiritual ones. In the essay the controversial topic of a political emigration in the history of Ukrainian society at the beginning of the XX century is raised. The subject of artistic generalization of belles non-fiction is the historical time of that period which was perceived by the character during forced travels when Ukraine was a fighting platform of different political forces: Denikins, Petliuras, Makhnos, Red Army men. Unordinary events were reflected in the character’s existence, in his memory. The mem- ory is a basis of the national identity and national consciousness, therefore such works by emigrants are a part of Ukrainian ethnic literary tradition and help understand its historical course through the prism of modern times. This information also contributes to better understanding of the process of the recent historical experience in Ukrainian state creation.

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