GEORGE KAISER’S WRITING IN THE RECEPTION OF YURI KLEN

The given article deals with Klen’s research of the German dramatist George Kaiser. The main parameters of artistic universe of this author are presented in the article. There are also outlined the methodological strategies of research the German dramatist’s creativity by Yuri Klen – a well-known Ukrainian literary critic. Georg Kaiser is one of the brightest representatives of theatrical and literary expressionism. His plays are the unique phenomenon in the 20th century drama. His expressionism appeared to be the special one and the global and scope of plots allowed scientists to call G. Kaiser a «new myth creator». Among world scientists, who comprehended the features of author manner of this sign artist for history of world drama, a main place belongs to the Ukrainian literary critic – Yuri Klen. In his scientific work there is the article «George Kaiser», which an author compositionally divides into seven parts. Its pre-condition is an original metaphorical lineation (vivid registration of which is adopted from astronomy), structural-semiotics assertion that every writer creation has a basic idea or favourite main image, that can be found in many writings of the author. However, in the Ukrainian literary critic’s opinion, it is not impossible to say it on the first sight about George of Kaiser because every work of this author has a new incarnate idea, new and unexpected development of a plot, new and original interpretation of that problem which has been solved in his previous works. In the article “George Kaiser” by Yuri Klen the biographic approach can be highlighted while analyzing creative works of the German dramatist. The Ukrainian literary critic also outlines the secrets of psychology of the German artist creation in expressionism manner. Expressionism drama is always drama of ideas; therefore acting persons of this drama are not individuals, but types which helps writer to lead the general action of the characters. Yuri Klen asserts transformation of images in dramas by George of Kaiser, their original reduction up to separate characters and allegories: his characters lost the outlines of people and become symbols of idea, super individual creatures, typical samples, and logic of acting can be sacrificed for the sake of the higher logic – logic of composition and dramatic construction. Few times a researcher accents on closeness an artistic world view of the German dramatist to cubism: characters mainly don’t have the names, but appear on the stage under the names: a «father», «multimillionaire», «black», «yellow» – they are structural formulas. Summarizing these the structural-semiotics searches, Yuri Klen marks once again that in George Kayiser’s works can be found: 1) central idea of man renewing which is peculiar for all his creative work; 2) leading motive of escape-chasing and 3) element of contingency which manages events, that is a case-shove which suddenly gives dynamic of action and sets fire before a man as a distant lighthouse – dream about renewal. It is also possible to assert that researches of expressionism by some authors whose creation correlates with expressionism views demonstrates complete maturity of Yuri Klen to be a serious literary critic armed by the newest methodological approaches to study literature as theoretician and practician of literature studies.

YURIY SHEVELOV ABOUT HIS UKRAINIAN CHOICE OF AND ABOUT THE ATTITUDE TO “STRANGERS” IN THE MEMOIRS “I, ME, AND MYSELF (AND AROUND)”.

Reflections of the outstanding scholar-Slavicist Yuriy Shevelov about his paradoxical experience of ethnic- identification, on the background of this problem as a general human and fundamental one, have a lot of weight. The escape of a young Ukrainian scientist from occupied Kharkiv to the West was driven by conscious aspirations to self-fulfillment and freedom. The path from Ukraine to Europe, and later to America, saved him from war and physical destruction, which threatened not only him but also a significant part of his people. Thinking of this path as salvation, he soberly and quite tolerably showed the environment of the Ukrainian and foreign intellectuals. He was a close acquaintance with them in pre- war and occupied Kharkiv and Lviv, in the German DP camps for Ukrainian refugees, in the research centers of Western Europe, and later in the United States. Openness and sincerity, as well as the scale of experience and depiction, the depth and self-criticism of comprehension of his own experience, make the book of Yu. Shevelov particularly valuable in the Ukrainian culture of the twentieth century. Yu. Shevelov rightly considered the reason for a special hatred on the part of representatives of the “Russian world” (in particular, in the face of the Russian emigrant Roman Jakobson and Ukrainian traitor Ivan Bilodid) their desire to destroy in his person a representative of an independent Ukrainian culture, a qualified researcher of its history and language, capable of advancing and advocating scientific ideas, those contradicted their Russification desires, which formed in the minds of the representatives of the scientific community of the western world non-penetrating barriers to the penetration of the voice of the stateless Ukrainian ethnic group. He called a complete defeat the result of his confrontation with the “Russian world” in the western scientific world. However, based on the fact that his labor is now in demand, and those who want to affirm the “Russian world” in the West and in Ukraine were already diminished, we can assert: his efforts have not gone in vain. Identification is that complex of ideas, which is made up in human heads, and here the truth goes up over the lie.

UKRAINIAN EMIGRE TRANSLATORS’ ACTIVITY IN WEST GERMANY AFTER WORLD WAR II

The article provides an insight into the work of cultural activists in Germany in the post-war decades. It delineates the following groups of translators and popularizers of Ukrainian literature in West Germany: 1) German speakers: Halychyna descendant Hans Koch and Elisabeth Kottmeier, the wife of the Ukrainian poet Igor Kosteckyj; 2) the Ukrainian scholars who began their activity before the war: Dmytro (Dimitrij) Tschižeswskij, Iwan Mirtschuk; 3) representatives of the younger wave of emigration – Jurij Bojko-Blochyn, Olexa and Anna-Halja Horbatsch, Igor Kostetskyj, Mychahlo Orest, Jurij Kossatsch and others. The author reflects on the question whether or not the post-war Ukrainian emigration was integrated into a wider context of German culture. This is analyzed from the vantage point of the Western European reader’s/ literary critic’s readiness for the reception of Ukrainian literature. Among the first promoters of Ukrainian literature was the Artistic Ukrainian Movement (Munich), whose member of the board, Jurij Kossatsch, published the first review of the then contemporary Ukrainian literature in the German language “Ukrainische Literatur der Gegenwart” (1947). The author analyzes the first collection of translations of Ukrainian poetry “Gelb und Blau: Moderne ukrainische Dichtung in Auswahl” (“Yellow and Blue: Selected Contemporary Ukrainian Poetry”) compiled by Wolodimir Derzhawin, who condemned the persecution and extermination of poets in the USSR, criticized proletarian literature and the choice of authors. The preface by Derzhavin testified to the conviction of Ukrainian emigrants that free Ukrainian literature could flourish only in the exile. The work of the translators’ tandem of Igor Kosteckyj and Elisabeth Kottmeier is further described. The chronological and quantitative comparison of scholarly publications on Ukrainian literature in the then West Germany revealed that one of the major accomplishments of the Ukrainian diaspora was the transition from the complete lack to a gradual increase of interest in the aforementioned subject. The article emphasizes the significance of the translating activity of Anna-Halja Horbatsch aimed at introducing Ukrainian literature to the German Slavic Studies scholars along with ordinary readers. This was made possible when large collections of translations “Blauer November. Ukrainische Erzähler unseres Jahrhunderts” (Blue November: Ukrainian writers of this century) and “Ein Brunnen für Durstige “ (“The Well for the Thirsty”) were out, and in the 90’s – when the publishing house specializing in translations from Ukrainian literature was founded. The Soviets’ negative reaction to those and previous publications is perceived as a manifestation of the political engagement of socialist literary criticism. Conclusion: Anna-Halja Horbatsch’ contribution to the systematic acquaintance of the West German reader with modern Ukrainian literature is by far the most significant due to her numerous translations, scholarly articles, and critical reviews.

ROMANTICISM OUTSIDE THE VECTOR OF «INFLUENCE». MODEL OF AMERICAN-POLISH CULTURAL RESONANCE

The author of the article considers Polish-American literary and cultural relations from the 18th century till the time of romanticism. He notices that those relations are falling into a model which is impossible to describe by the traditional models that use the category of «influence» [Harald Bloom] or postcolonial dependence. The basis of American-Polish relations is the idea of freedom, fight for freedom and even a peculiar cult of freedom in both nations. The personifications of this common relation are the heroes of fight for freedom in Poland and the United States, namely Kazimierz Pułaski and Tadeusz Kościuszko. As the author notices, studies on these relations lead to the conclusion that stand apart from the dependence relations between historical and cultural phenomena in intercultural relations. Thus, article describes American- Polish relations as a realization of a certain model called «the model of resonance, circulation and transmission» of values, patterns, common ideas.

THE RECEPTION OF UKRAINIAN EMIGRATION LITERATURE ON THE PAGES OF THE JOURNAL „SUCHASNIST”

The article reviews the publications of literary journal “Suchasnist” devoted to emigration literature. The article by G. Grabovich “Great Literature”, in which the author analyzed the course of the famous discussion on the Art Ukrainian movement period, and the meaning of the idea of “Great literature” that had formed its antithesis – the New York group of poets. One of the most significant publications of “Suchasnist” was the report entitled “From the Chronicle of Literary Life in the Diaspora” by G. Kostiuk, the Head of the Ukrainian Writers Assosiation “Slovo”. The first part was about organizational activity of the association, and the second – about creative achievements of writers, paying attention to the “ideological and artistic essence” of the analyzed works. It is noted that the journal published a variety of materials devoted to the development of emigration poetry: interviews, reviews, articles on the works of the New York young poets group, as well as the recognized masters V. Barka, Yuri Klen, E. Malaniuk, and others. Besides the poetry, the constant focus of the journal was the prose. The reviews by A.G. Gorbach considered historical novels and the stories by M. Lazorsky, Y. Radzikevic, P. Fedenko, written from the standpoint of Ukrainian historical science, as an alternative to the Ukrainian Soviet-style literature based on Russian / Soviet historiography. Journal`s editorial team paid also much attention to the works interpreting the fate of the Ukrainians during the twentieth century. Numerous publications examined in particular the works of little-known prose writers (E. Zagachevsky), not yet properly appreciated ones (O. Izarsky), as well as internationally recognized ones (I. Bagryany, V. Barka). A number of review articles devoted to the work of different prose writers, such as L. Zaleska-Onyshkevich, O. Tarnavsky, Y. Stefanyk, belongs to the type of literary portraits or scientific critical essays the “mainland” reader got used to. The journal publications have often enjoyed a significant resonance. These include materials intended to remind emigration of the life and work of V. Vynnychenko: articles by M. Molnar and G. Kostyuk, Gusar-Struk and I. Lisyak-Rudnytsky.

THE MONTESSORI METHOD AND ITS CONTEMPORARY CONTEXTS

The article is an attempt to sistetically present Maria Montessori’s activities and scientific achievements through the prism of her biography and to indicate the reception of the Montessori Methods in Poland. The first part indicates the key aspects of life that influence the worldview and research interests, such as the position of director at Casa de Bambini or the likely affiliation to the Theosophical Society. In particular emphasizes theme of migration, resulting on the one hand from geopolitical reasons, and on the other hand from the idea of disseminating its concept of education. It shows the emigration aspect – departure from Italy to Barcelona, associated with the then forming fascist movement, and then, to the Netherlands, determined by the anti-republican coup of General Francisco Franko. The text deals with issues related to the scientific and didactic activity of M. Montessori, including numerous foreign trips, including to the United States and India to popularize the method. It also indicates the main research inspirations influencing changes in education proposed by the researcher, i.e. the Montessori Method – influences of researchers: anthropologist Giuseppe Sergi, psychiatrist Andrea Verga, neuropsychiatrist and pedagogue Jean Marc Gaspard Itard and Édouard Séguin. It characterizes particular stages of the concept, from moral upbringing, through the system of freedom, to the concept of cosmic upbringing. The second part of the article concerns the reception of the Montessori Method in Poland, starting from the pre-war period to modern times. It presents two currents – direct reception and attempts to synthesize freblizism and montessorian- ism in order to create a new, national upbringing system and indicates possible reasons for the rebirth of the idea after 1989, were related to the evolution of the educational ideal in Poland. It presents selected studies on the topic and points to the current activities of institutions and organizations that popularize the idea of Montessori. It presents manifestations of the contemporary, unflagging addressing with the figure of M. Montessori and her concept. The above considerations have been set in the context of today’s Polish pedagogy, determined largely by concepts that contest the current school system, largely congenial with the conservative educational ideology.

THE LITERATURE GROUP „ZEWONIA” HISTORY AND FOLKLORE

The article analyses the group of writers «Ziewonia», in the work and activities of which Slavophile ideas have strengthened through cycles of translations, songs and dumas. It reveals interest in the culture of the Slavic people in the 30s of the 19th century. It analyses the idea of national identity and ethnic culture using a differentiated approach to the phe- nomena of literary folklore, which becomes the main motive of «Ziewonia». The level of Ziewonia’s comprehension in Polish science is not significant yet but still to be more learned than in Ukrai- nian science. The article is said about the first period of the XIX century which is characterized by emergence of artistic achievements as exemplified by the interaction of intercultural literature. The Romantic era encouraged the first contact and special activity of folk Ukrainians interested by young Polish writers who are called in the Polish history of literature «Ziewonia». The main representatives were Augustin Bielovsky (the critic and translator, the employee of the Ossolineum institution), Josef and Alexander (Leshek) Dunin-Borkovsky (writers and critics), Lucian Semensky (the poet and novel- ist), Kazimiezh Vladislav Wojcicky (collector of folk songs) and Ludvik Jablonsky (also the critic of Ukrainian literature), finally the Ukrainian writers called the «Russian Trinity», the organization which united enthusiastic researchers of Ukrainian folklore. It is found out that main activities of this Slavophil group were translation and popularization of literature merits. They gave exemplary translations of important Slavic works such as: «Krolodworsky Manuscript», «Zielona Gora Manuscript», selected sonnets from «The daughters of Kollar’s fame», the significant number of Serbian folk songs, many Ukrainian poems and «The Tale of Igor’s Campaign». Folk society and folk songs were glorified and stylized. The key findings of the research prove that deep and intensive relationships between different literacy circles (Ukrainian and Polish) collaborated the future mutual writer’s group for the next historical period.

AUTHOR AND A CHARACTER OF WITOLD GOMBROWICZ IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY OF LITERATURE

The review of Witold Gombrowicz’s self-image due to questions and tasks of anthropology of literature pro- vides a possibility to make an analysis of such aspects and motivators as family, civilization process, role in national cultural process, position in social formations. Analysis is based on Gombrowicz’s prose, memoirs and personal correspondence. Psychological portrait of character-narrator and author himself – autobiographism is pronounced in each Gombrowicz’s main character – is depicted very clearly and has the signs of emotional influences experienced by the writer in his childhood and further years. These influences have formed Gombrowicz’s philosophical concepts, especially his theory of Form, and deter- mined writer’s position in questions of national and cultural identity. Answers on one of the most important issues that anthropology of literature tries to resolve – for what purpose a writer creates virtual worlds – can be successfully looked for in Witold Gombrowicz’s works. Universalism and ubiquity of self-im- age in all literary works is one of the unique features which makes Gombrowicz a perfect object for anthropology of literature. As several scientists have noted, the whole heritage of Gombrowicz is a one large novel with the same character who faces various circumstances and tries to manage them. Reactions, motivations, positions of this character are usually equal to author’s – Gombrowicz always considered himself as the most important and main character. So Gombrowicz’s works become an extremely fruitful field for literary-anthropological research – the writer writes only about himself, he analyses deeply his psychological features and external influences which motivated his actions and formed his opinions. This research is the beginning of a prospective road – the main questions are claimed, the main vectors are defined and the general overview of problematics is made; the deeper analysis of Gombrowicz’s prose and memoirs with usage of literary-anthropolog- ical instruments and considering of it’s issues demand more expanded study which will shortly appear in Ukrainian Polish studies.

PROBLEMS OF POLISH ROMANTICISM IN THE PERCEPTION OF LITERARY CRITIC MIHAL GRABOVSKYJ (according to the materials of correspondence)

Problems of polish romanticism in the perception of literary critic Mihal Grabovskyj (according to the materials of correspondence). This article is devoted to integrated research into correspondence of polish literary man M. Grabovskyj, analyzed literary and philosophic views of master in a diachronic aspect, his aesthetic priorities, described the evolution of general vital references of theoretician, and outlined the division into periods of creation and philosophic views of figure. A lot of attention is given to elucidation letters’ genres of M. Grabovskyj and its style. For the first time it is the attempt of new valuation of his achievements and intentions, consideration and description epistolary heritage of M. Grabovskyj, which include theoretical-literary dialogues with the famous polish artists of XIX c. In his enormous array there are the conceptual reasoning andestimations of both work of separate writers and of that timeliterary process. The looks of writer were constantly evolved, that does any division into periods of correspondence conditional enough. However there sre distinguished two periods: European-”loyal” (1823 -1843) and later “tendentious” clerical-panslavics’ (1843 – 1863). The range of letters’ problems of of the first period marks adaptation of ideas of European (German) romanticism to national traditions, grouping and consolidation by the leaders of Polish romantic literature. These ideas contain optimistic character and sent to deepening the national perception of the world. The second period is characterized by correlations of the own theory of romanticism, ambiguousness of communicative structure. Grabovskyj comprehended the nomenclature of texts of romantic canon. The letters of М. Grabovskyj, that became the article of independent analysis first, substantially specify presentation in the relation to his literary- aesthetic program realized in the articles. In that correspondences, especially in those that are addressed to the closest friends he was frank and formulated the positions laconically and clearly. In the letters of artist it is legitimate to see continuation of critical articles.

BIBLE TOPICS IN THE HISTORICAL PROSE OF UKRAINIAN EMIGRATION

In the article there are summarized innovative approaches to artistic mastering of Bible topics in creative work of Ukrainian emigration writers of 1920th – 1970th: Natalena Koroleva, Leonid Mosendz and V. Domontovych (Victor Petrov). Ukrainian tradition of mastering Bible topics was interrupted by Russian occupation; it finds its bright artistic embodiment in artistic historical prose of Ukrainian emigration. This artistic experience enriches Ukrainian writing by mastering of Bible topics and motives via Bible stylizations, renaissance or creation of newly created new genre formations, contaminations of religious and historiosophical problems, searches of new narrative strategies of artistic mastering of the Holy Scripture. The article traces the way biblical stylizations become a style-forming means in the Ukrainian prose of the XX century. Historical novels Quid est Veritas?(What is the Truth?) by Natalena Koroleva and The Last Prophet by Leonid Mosendz are the basic works of fiction wherein they, playing forming roles, become an important element in poetic language and style. The way L. Mosendz uses bible stylizations in his novel The Last Prophet results in a special art amplification. The author conditionally expands his text’s sense by dint of bible stylizations and his allusive returning to the semiotic-semantic significance of the “base-text”. As the latter is the Bible (or, rather, the Old Testament), generating the said allusive amplifications, Mosendz’ novel, thus, sounds in several creative aspects. One of them is “filling up” the gaps in evangelical texts about John the Baptist’s life. Such “fillings up” occur both through the author’s fiction and his artistic reconstruction based on historical sources. The transformed and adsorbed through bible stylizations elements of neoclassicism and neo-romanticism create in the stylistic palette of novel Quid est Veritas? that unique stylistic aura, which represents Natalena Koroleva’s experimentalist attempts both in the genre field (her attempt to create a Ukrainian historical epopee representing the epoch historically very remote from the artist) and in the stylistic domain. One more specific feature of Koroleva’s novel – its epic character – is also created by help of bible stylizations. The allocation of the said stylistic macrostructures enables to present the general exhibitions of each of the author’s basic idiostyle elements.