Modernization Theory and the Formation of Modern Social Theories in England and America

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Modernization Theory ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Social Theories ◽  
Distinguished Scholar ◽  
Disconfirming Evidence

‘Modernization theory’, Alexander Gerschenkron remarked recently, ‘obstructs rather than promotes the understanding of processes of econo- mic change’. Far from being a startling judgement, Gerschenkron's comment only signals that another distinguished scholar has joined the theory's detractors. The marked failure of modernization theory to predict how less developed countries would react to incentives for material advance explains the growing chorus of criticism. This indeterminate response from third world peoples has quite properly raised doubts about how well we understand what is involved in the reorientation of a society's habitual practices. The blight of disconfirming evidence, according to E. I. Eisenstadt, has now led to the abandonment of hope that breakdowns in modernization would be followed by resurgences towards modernity.

scholarly journals Law and Development: the Interface Between Policy and Implementation

1975 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Seidman
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Early Death ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Law And Development ◽  
The Troubles ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Good For ◽  
The Third World

The manifold torments of the Third World press themselves upon all of us for solution. Poverty, disease, oppression, early death: this is the fate of most of mankind. Today all the world plucks at the sleeves of the academy, asking, What do you know? What are you good for?1 Any answer must include a statement of the discipline's response to the troubles that beset the less-developed countries. How lawyers respond ought to define the domain of the study of law and development.

The structure of Third World economic interdependence

1985 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Gasiorowski
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Third World ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Economic Interdependence ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Main Question ◽  
World Economic

Empirical studies of interdependence have mainly focused on whether interdependence has been increasing or declining on a world scale. In this research note I examine the nature of economic interdependence in the less developed countries (LDCs). The main question that I address is whether LDCs are more economically dependent, in the sense of being more deeply involved in economic interdependence relationships, than developed countries (DCs). Richard Cooper and Edward Morse have argued that economic interdependence is associated with increased industrialization and modernization—implying that LDCs are less involved than DCs in interdependence relationships. Empirical evidence presented here suggests that LDCs are, in fact, more dependent than DCs.

scholarly journals Principles in Planning Library Education Programs in the Muslim World

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
Ali I. Namlah
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Third World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Library Education ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Library Technology

ABSTRACTFour major principles for planning library education programs in[the] Muslim World are considered of importance: the environmentalneeds, the application of programs, the cultures, backgrounds andtraditions of the nation, and the future changes. The Muslim World isacquiring expertise largely from non-Muslim nations throughrecruiting expert planners or through sending their students todeveloped countries to acquire knowledge, then apply it. Bothapproaches are seen to have some problems at the time of acquisition andapplication of planned programs. These problems are discussed andplanners are expected to be aware of these principles before they starttheir plans. Blind application of library technology is considered themain reason for the failure of library education programs in someMuslim World countries. A balance of application, in accordance withthe four principles, is recommended.IntroductionI. The Muslim WorldWhat is meant by the phrase “the Muslim world” is those countrieswhich have a high percentage of Muslims compared to non-Muslims.The Muslim World is a part of what is called “less developed countries,”“developing countries,” the “Third World,” or the “South.” The phases areused to refer to those countries-including the Muslim world-which areless advanced in technologies due to the existence of many factors, someof which are: ...

Socialist Modernity and the Birth of the Third World

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-49
Author(s):  
Sara Lorenzini
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Third World ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Third World

This chapter examines how the Soviet Union attacked Point Four as “A Program for Expansion under a Screen of Anti-Communism” that was no different from older forms of imperialism. While condemning American assistance, however, they applauded a fair aid policy that supported political independence and invested to promote national agriculture and industry. This signaled that they were open to joining a multilateral program and offering technical assistance and industrial machinery to underdeveloped countries, with a stress on equality and open criticism of imperialist dynamics. But what would the Soviets contribute? Western analysts thought of expertise, while critics familiar with the Central Asian precedent worried about the repression of minorities. Only in 1954 did the Soviet Union respond with a plan for the Virgin Lands, the campaign to bring up-to-date farming and irrigation techniques to backward steppe regions in Kazakhstan. This became a paradigm for what socialist modernity could offer to less developed countries. The chapter then recounts how, in the early 1950s, the world's less-developed countries began identifying as a homogeneous group. In the United Nations, the phrase used was “underdeveloped countries,” but this was soon replaced by a much more evocative concept: the “Third World.” The expression was coined in 1952 by French demographer Alfred Sauvy, who anticipated a collective awakening of the subject peoples previously ignored, exploited, and watched warily.

'Restrictive Business Practices', report by the UNCTAD Secretariat, April 1972.

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-316
Author(s):  
G. M. Radhu
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
International Firms ◽  
The World ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Financial Power ◽  
Administrative Structures

The report by the UNCTAD Secretariat, submitted to the third session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development held in Santiago (Chile) in April 1972, deals with the restrictive business practices of the multinational corporations with special reference to the export interests of the developing countries. Since the world war, there has been a tremendous growth in the size and activities of many international firms. They have grown from the national corporation to the multidivisional corporation and now to the multinational corporation. With each step they acquired greater financial power, better technology and know-how and more complex administrative structures. They have subsidiaries and branches all over the world. In the course of the sixties they became one of the dominant factors in determining the pattern of world trade. At the same time, their increasingly restrictive business practices, which tended to adversely affect world trade and the export interest of less developed countries, attracted the attention of the governments both in developed and less developed countries and serious concern was shown at the international level. It is against this background that the UNCTAD undertook the study on the question of restrictive business practices.

Global E-Waste Management and Second-Hand Consumption in the Third World: Substandard Context and Tokunbo Phenomenon in Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayokunle Olumuyiwa Omobowale
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
New Products ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
The West ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
The Public ◽  
Standards And Regulations ◽  
The Third World ◽  
National Environmental

The world is technologically advancing, but the management of resultant waste, commonly known as e-waste, is also becoming very challenging. Of major concern is the incessant flow of this waste into the developing world where they assume secondhand value in spite of the associated environmental threats. This study adopts the qualitative approach to examine this phenomenon in Nigeria. The study reveals that aside from being cheaper than the new products, second-hand goods are usually preferred to the new products due to the substandard nature of most new electronics largely imported from Asia (especially China). The tag of Tokunbo or ‘imported from the West’ associated with second-hand goods imported from developed countries makes them more preferable to the public relative to new electronics imported from China, disparagingly termed Chinco. Yet both the second-hand electronics that are socially appreciated as Tokunbo and the substandard new electronics imported into Nigeria together render the country a huge recipient of goods that soon collapse and swell the e-waste heap in the country. This situation may be mitigated through strengthening the Standards Organisation of Nigeria and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency, and also by sensitizing Nigerians on the dangers inherent in e-wastes.

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