Acts of Racial Discrimination to The Blacks as Seen in Stockett's The Help

This Study aims to determine the Actions of Racial Discrimination committed by White People against Black people in The Help. This research used qualitative method, in terms of using words or text. In conducting this research, the data are collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary source or the main source is the novel entitled The Help, written by Kathryn Stockett. The second sources are some related books and articles from the internet, that are supporting this research. In analyzing the data, the researcher used Mimetic Approach by Abrams. The result of this study is presented descriptively. As the results of this research, the researcher found that there are many actions of Racial Discrimination reflected in The Help. It can be seen in some several sections. First, there is a Discriminatory Law namely Jim Crow Law of the Southern United State. Second, the Discriminatory Stereotypes that the White People created about the Black People such as, Blacks are dirty, Black People are thieves, Black People as diseases, and Black People are dumb. And the last is the Discrimination in Public Services, that can be found in residential area, library, education, health service, voting, and public transportation.

Contextual factors affecting the development of digital library education in Vietnam

<p>In Vietnam the need for digital library education (DLE) has increased significantly in the last two decades. Educating staff to establish and manage digital libraries has become a critical issue. However, there are no DLE programmes offered by library and information management (LIM) education providers in Vietnam and we do not know why this is the case. The aim of this study is to investigate and understand the factors affecting the development of DLE for LIM practitioners in Vietnam. The interpretive study employed a qualitative approach and its findings are based on the analysis of data gathered in 17 individual interviews and 11 focus groups with key stakeholders, as well as from documentary evidence. The stakeholders involved in this study include LIM practitioners, LIM managers, LIM lecturers, library school deans, government policy makers, academic library directors, professional association chairpersons and LIM students. To guide the data gathering and analysis, an initial conceptual model of factors affecting DLE was developed from three sources: Fullan’s Educational Change theory, Nowlen’s Performance Model in continuing education for practitioners, and Rogers’s Diffusion of Innovations theory. The study found seven major factors were affecting the development of DLE in Vietnam: the government, the information technology infrastructure, the prevailing social and cultural values, the efforts of change agents, the attitudes of key stakeholders, the characteristics of DLE design, and the nexus of the educational needs of library staff and the libraries in which they were working. Of these the government factor was the most influential. These factors were inter-related and affected DLE development at different levels. The initial conceptual model was revised based on the study's findings. The revised model provides a contribution to educational change theories relevant to the identification and understanding of factors affecting professional educational programmes in universities in developing countries. The study’s findings are also of value to governments, libraries, library schools and library associations for developing relevant policies and new curricula for DLE, and for establishing new professional development programmes in DLE for library staff.</p>

Contextual factors affecting the development of digital library education in Vietnam

<p>In Vietnam the need for digital library education (DLE) has increased significantly in the last two decades. Educating staff to establish and manage digital libraries has become a critical issue. However, there are no DLE programmes offered by library and information management (LIM) education providers in Vietnam and we do not know why this is the case. The aim of this study is to investigate and understand the factors affecting the development of DLE for LIM practitioners in Vietnam. The interpretive study employed a qualitative approach and its findings are based on the analysis of data gathered in 17 individual interviews and 11 focus groups with key stakeholders, as well as from documentary evidence. The stakeholders involved in this study include LIM practitioners, LIM managers, LIM lecturers, library school deans, government policy makers, academic library directors, professional association chairpersons and LIM students. To guide the data gathering and analysis, an initial conceptual model of factors affecting DLE was developed from three sources: Fullan’s Educational Change theory, Nowlen’s Performance Model in continuing education for practitioners, and Rogers’s Diffusion of Innovations theory. The study found seven major factors were affecting the development of DLE in Vietnam: the government, the information technology infrastructure, the prevailing social and cultural values, the efforts of change agents, the attitudes of key stakeholders, the characteristics of DLE design, and the nexus of the educational needs of library staff and the libraries in which they were working. Of these the government factor was the most influential. These factors were inter-related and affected DLE development at different levels. The initial conceptual model was revised based on the study's findings. The revised model provides a contribution to educational change theories relevant to the identification and understanding of factors affecting professional educational programmes in universities in developing countries. The study’s findings are also of value to governments, libraries, library schools and library associations for developing relevant policies and new curricula for DLE, and for establishing new professional development programmes in DLE for library staff.</p>

The American Library Association: The landmarks of international library and bibliographic cooperation (1876–1976)

During the first 100 years of its existence, the American Library Association (ALA), the oldest national library association in the world, contributed much to the international library and bibliographic cooperation. The author describes the key areas of ALA international activity during the period under review. He identifies the following areas: support of building national library associations of other countries, projects and programs of international information exchange, promotion of basic democratic principles of libraries’ work, shared cataloguing, building the professional library education system, creation of the library periodicals and others. Based on the facts revealed in the periodicals, the author claims that national library associations are among the key instruments of library development both on the national and international levels. The fact that the American Library Association played a critical role in interlibrary relations strengthening during the described period evidences the association’s importance in the process of international library cooperation development.

Continuous Library and Information Education in the Era of Digital Transformation

Various modifications of the system of continuous library and information education are associated with the tasks of digitalization, determined by the national development goals of the Russian Federation. The purpose of this study is to identify the main transformational trends of this system in the context of the digitalization of culture. The authors reveal the concepts of “digitalization of education”, “lifelong education”. The article analyses the reports of the track “Professional education of specialists in library and information sphere” conducted in the framework of international scientific and practical conference “Science, Technology and Information in Libraries (LIBWAY — 2020)”, held on September 14—17, 2020. The authors identified the main problematic issues of continuous library and information education: personnel potential of libraries in the era of large-scale and accelerating technological changes; diversification of additional professional education for library staff as one of the links in continuous education; regulatory support for the development of system of continuous library education; new vectors in educational activities aimed at the formation of professional and supra-professional competencies as a factor of competitiveness of the library specialists in the context of multitasking and efficiency of the cultural sector. The article emphasizes that the continuous library and information education of specialists in the era of digitalization of culture is progressing due to the new information technologies, implementation of innovative library experience, as well as the formation of new competencies of library personnel. The authors state that the development of culture and the growth of the country’s potential depend on the success of building unified library and information knowledge space as a valuable resource and the basis for economic success in the future, part of which is the system of continuous professional education.

A thematic analysis of library association policies on services to persons with disabilities

PurposeLibrary association policies and guidelines are important to study because they reflect consensus values of the profession. As such, they can shape the association, itself, and set the tone for the values of its individual members in their professional practice. From the titles alone, these documents proclaim themselves to be guides for the development of individual library policy. Additionally, as library and information science (LIS) graduate education programs are accredited by national associations, LIS schools pay attention to association policies and guidelines to help shape professional and continuing education. In these ways, they have a role in shaping professional ideology around a topic. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe services to persons with disabilities policies from three national-level LIS organizations were analyzed through a thematic analysis.FindingsThe guidelines speak to a shared understanding of disability and accessibility around the themes of library staff, library policies and library resources and services. While not surprising, additional themes around disability context and legislation show a shared understanding of accessibility that is much broader than what the legislation requires.Originality/valueAn analysis of guidelines on services to persons with disabilities from the American Library Association (ALA), Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA) and Canadian Federation of Library Associations (CFLA) is of interest because of the ways these organizations intersect. The ALA and ALIA have reciprocal agreements so that students in LIS education programs are recognized as equivalents. Second, the ALA accredits library education programs in Canada. Given these intersecting relationships, the guidelines-shared notions of accessibility become of high interest.

Of Men and Masculinity: The Portrayal of Masculinity in a Selection of Award-Winning Australian Young Adult Literature

This research investigates the portrayal of masculinity in Australian young adult novels published in 2019. The novels were taken from the 2020 Children’s Books Council of Australia (CBCA) Book of the Year for Older Readers Notables List. Established in 1946, these annual awards are considered the most prominent and prestigious in Australian children’s and young adult literature and are likely to be accessible and promoted to young readers in schools and libraries. The three texts studied were Four Dead Queens by Astrid Scholte, The Boy who Steals Houses by C.G. Drews, and This is How We Change the Ending by Vikki Wakefield. Using a Critical Content Analysis methodology (Beach et al., 2009), researchers completed a review of the literature and theories around masculinity and chose to analyse three exemplary texts using the attributes of the Hegemonic Masculinity Schema (HMS) and Sensitive New Man Schema (SNMS) as described by Romøren and Stephens (2002). Attributes from the HMS include traits and behaviours like being violent, physical or verbal bullying, and hostile to difference while attributes from the SNMS include being supportive, affectionate, and considerate and respectful of the space and feelings of others (especially females). In this method, researchers identify examples of the attributes within the main characters and minor characters from each of the three books, recording quotes and noting critical incidents depicting aspects of masculinity. Notable findings of the research include the acknowledgment and portrayal of a particular conception of hegemonic masculinity in the selected novels often informed or shaped by the presence of dominant father figures and the absence of the concept of “the mother.” The characters who aligned to the schema used within this research are often overshadowed by a dominant father figure who conformed to an extreme version of hegemonic masculinity and who shaped their child’s actions even if the fathers were absent from the novel. The research reveals commonly held conceptions of masculinity aligned to those used in the schema and demonstrated that young adult literature, like popular media, can be used as a vehicle for the dissemination of such concepts and reveal contemporary understandings of it. Outputs from this research include the development of a modified and more contemporary schema which could be applied to future research. Significantly, this interdisciplinary research bridges the library, education and literature fields to examine the different ways maleness and masculinity are depicted to young adult readers in prize-nominated Australian young adult novels.

Modern requirements for improving information and library education in the context of digitalization of society

This article analyzes world trends and foreign experience in creating a new paradigm in the development of information and library education in the electronic era. The necessity of using innovative technologies in bachelor’s degree in teaching information and library disciplines, which today are at the intersection of such sciences as information science and library science, is discussed. What, in turn, needs to be done and what will help to train highly qualified specialists for information and library specialists of the republic.

The methodologist staff in central libraries of the Russian Federation subjects

The relevance of the paper topic is due to the need to study the personnel situation in the methodological departments of the central libraries (CB) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (RF) in the context of sociocultural transformations and active development of digital technologies. The article objective is to present to the library community the results of the study ”Personnel of methodologists in the central libraries of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation” and subsequent observations of the work of the methodological departments of the regions. It reflects the analysis results of quantitative, job, age composition of the personnel, the educational level of specialists, functional changes in methodological units, the system of advanced training of methodologists, and problems of demanded educational activities. The staffing potential level is quite high in most libraries, because methodologists belong to a promising age group of 55 years with higher education, broad competences, sufficient work experience, regularly updating their knowledge. At the same time, the author concerns the staff small number and further reduction in its number, the lack of opportunities to fill vacancies, the uneven workload of methodologists by a number of supervised libraries, the lack of standards for staffing special structural units and methodology to determine them, as well as the optimal structure of units. Methodists perform a wide range of responsibilities, being universal specialists, competent on various issues. There is a complication and increase in the requirements for methodical activities. 97,9 % of methodologists have higher education, but their large part does not have a special library education. Methodists receive regular training, but there are virtually no special training courses for methodologists in the training system. The identified problems require solution at coordinating the efforts of the methodological centers and state support.