Justice, Pluralism, and the Egalitarian Ethos

Dialogue ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-728
Author(s):  
KRISTIN VOIGT
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Justice ◽  
A Value ◽  
Fundamental Value ◽  
Fundamental Values ◽  
Egalitarian Ethos

One of the central aims of Kyle Johannsen’s monograph, A Conceptual Investigation of Justice, is to defend the idea that we should think of justice as a fundamental value—a value that can come into conflict with other fundamental values. This pluralism is associated in particular with G.A. Cohen’s work and his critique of John Rawls’s theory of justice. In this commentary, I sketch some of the implications of Cohen’s pluralism for a Cohenite ethos of justice.

Luck Egalitarianism and Relational Egalitarianism: An Internal Tension in Cohen’s Theory of Justice

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-240
Author(s):  
Jiangjin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Value Pluralism ◽  
Luck Egalitarianism ◽  
Theory Of Justice ◽  
Egalitarian Ethos

AbstractRelational Egalitarianism focuses on the construction of equal social relationships between persons. It strongly opposes luck egalitarianism, which understands equality as a distributive ideal. In Cohen’s theory of justice, luck egalitarianism and relational egalitarianism simultaneously exist, and Cohen provides arguments corresponding to each. In this paper, we explore the manifestation of tension between these two forms of egalitarianism in his theory. In addition, we also reconstruct some possible solutions provided by Cohen to soften this tension, including the three approaches of market mechanism, egalitarian ethos and value pluralism, and find them to be unsuccessful. This tension is a serious challenge that needs to be addressed in Cohen’s theory of justice.

Fundamental Value Hypothesis and Return Behavior: Evidence from Emerging Equity Markets

2006 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 97-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamas Jirasakuldech ◽  
Riza Emekter ◽  
Peter Went
Keyword(s):  
Rational Expectations ◽  
Equity Markets ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Duration Dependence ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Time Reversibility ◽  
Return Behavior ◽  
Price Patterns ◽  
Fundamental Value ◽  
Fundamental Values

This study examines the return behavior of 15 emerging equity markets for persistent deviations from the fundamental value hypothesis. The duration dependence test shows that rational expectations bubble do not cause deviations from fundamental value in any of the markets. Markov chain test results imply that markets in China, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore deviate from their fundamental values due to non-random price changes. A price decrease is more likely to follow two periods of price decrease in these four equity markets. Finally, time reversibility test reveals that all equity markets, except for Jordan and Egypt, exhibit asymmetrical price patterns, suggesting departures from fundamental values.

scholarly journals The stock market bubble of 1929: evidence from clsoed-end mutual funds

1991 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bradford De Long ◽  
Andrei Shleifer
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Asset Values ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fundamental Value ◽  
Fundamental Values

Economists directly observe warranted “fundamental” values in only a few cases. One is that of closed-end mutual funds: their fundamental value is simply the current market value of the securities that make up their portfolios. We use the difference between prices and net asset values of closed-end mutual funds at the end of the 1920s to estimate the degree to which the stock market was overvalued on the eve of the 1929 crash. We conclude that the stocks making up the S & P composite were priced at least 30 percent above fundamentals in late summer, 1929.

scholarly journals LAW AS A VALUE, VALUES IN LAW (PART TWO)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (91) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Aleksandrs Baikovs
Keyword(s):  
Legal Culture ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Fundamental Values

The paper deals with the category of "values", the Rights as a value, and fundamental values of law; including freedom, justice, and equality have been analyzed.The relevance of the research is determined not only by the apparent lack of exploration of the problem but also by the fact that the value of rights and legal values determine direction and meaning, as well as the content of the rules of law, which is their normative expression, and, ultimately, appearing as a kind of basis for the legal culture, the source of the formation of the legal consciousness and establishing legal order, ensuring the efficiency of legal regulation due to the using the embodiment in reality of freedom, justice, equality.Legal norms themselves acquire the importance of values and become the subject of evaluation. Among values themselves, which act as an ideal justification of law rules, the law rules themselves and assessments, on the one hand, there are not only close ties but also mutual transitions. Therefore, both their interrelated explanations and differentiation are necessary.

scholarly journals Economic Efficiency in Economic Analysis of Law

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Famulski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Economic Analysis Of Law ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Law ◽  
Fundamental Value

The aim of the article is to identify the category of economic efficiency on the grounds of L&E. According to the primary thesis of L&E economic efficiency is a fundamental legal value. The study discusses said thesis. On one hand, the controversy surrounding the thesis stem from lack of its unequivocal understanding. On the other, law has been functioning for centuries, while the question of its economic efficiency has only been raised for a few decades. Fundamental value, which has always been associated with law, is justice. It follows that the issue of various approaches to the relation between economic efficiency and justice in L&E is considered. Critical analysis of the literature allows to formulate arguments for and against each of these values in enacting and enforcing the law. Significant differences in various approaches to this matter are identified. Simultaneously, the assumption that efficiency is a value realized in the law beside justice is considered to be correct. The issue raised is important from the practical point of view. A theoretical consensus would support formulating a model, which would allow assessment of legal regulations based on criteria of economic efficiency and justice.

scholarly journals THE AXIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF THE NOTION “TOLERANCE”

2013 ◽  
pp. 239-246
Author(s):  
V. V. Matyushina
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cultural Dialogue ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Fundamental Values ◽  
Communication Methods

The conception of tolerance in philosophy and linguistics is considered in the article. The article shows the philosophical and sociopolitical nature of the notion “tolerance” together with a special stress on the usage peculiarities of the word “tolerance” in the Russian language. The place of tolerance in the system of values is studied and also its place in the theory of cultural dialogue is defined. There has lately been a discussion among Russian researchers about the phenomenon under consideration - that of tolerance – and its top-importance. The whole terminology ,connected with the problems of tolerance, as well as the very word “tolerance”, are borrowed from English. The analysis of the usage of the Russian equivalents for the term “tolerance” is carried out with the help of the materials devoted to the problems of tolerance. Moreover, an attempt is made to define the status of tolerance as a value of modern society because contemporary philosophy considers tolerance to be one of the fundamental values of the present. As the interaction of cultures is basically a dialogue a modern human being has to overcome stereotypes and become tolerant to realize and appreciate other cultures. Modern society needs some new communication methods based on the respect for different cultures.

International Fundamental Values and Obligations Erga Omnes

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-67
Author(s):  
Massimo Iovane ◽  
Pierfrancesco Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
State Action ◽  
A Value ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
International Legal System ◽  
International Responsibility ◽  
Legal Concepts ◽  
Fundamental Values

This chapter argues that international law is a value-oriented legal order, and that the way in which its fundamental values are safeguarded reflects the unique structural features of the international legal system. In lack of an international constitution in a formal sense, the international fundamental values materialize through the brute practice of states, international organizations, and a number of open-ended legal concepts allowing the legal relevance of the underlying ethical convictions of the international community. In the field of international responsibility, such is the function fulfilled by the concept of obligations erga omnes. This chapter maintains that lawful responses to breaches of obligations erga omnes should always bear some elements of collectiveness. This condition realizes not only through institutionalized processes but also by means of a wide range of collective, scarcely formalized procedures of concertation of state action which may take place in institutional, political, or diplomatic settings.

Through Virtues to Knowledge

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-21
Author(s):  
Artur R. Karimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Epistemology ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Epistemic Value ◽  
Causal Connection ◽  
Epistemic Values ◽  
Value Of Knowledge ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fundamental Value

By all accounts, virtue epistemology is making a value turn in contemporary analytic epistemology. In this article, this twist is explicated through the transformation of the understanding of epistemic values and the value of the epistemic. In the first sense, we are talking about how the view has changed on what determines the epistemic value of such categories as truth, knowledge, understanding, etc. In the second sense, we are talking about the value of our epistemic concepts (the value of the epistemic): what is true belief, knowledge, etc. for? It is shown how the causal link between our beliefs and intellectual virtues allows us to explain the nature and value of knowledge as a central category of epistemology. The author reveals the difference between the main types of virtue epistemology through the prism of two different approaches to the justification of values: value internalism and value externalism. Value externalism assumes that a state/motive/action gains value from something outside of a person's consciousness. In contrast, value internalism holds that the conditions that determine value are internal to consciousness. For reliabilism, the value of cognitive success lies in its causal connection with the reliable competences of the subject, for responsibilism – with virtuous motives of cognitive activity. Common to reliabilism and responsibilism is that they shift the focus from the value of an effect (truth) to its relationship with the value of a cause – an ability or excellent trait of intellectual character. The main approaches to substantiating the fundamental value of knowledge in virtue epistemology are analyzed. If for reliabilism the highest epistemic value is truth as cognitive achievement, then for responsibilism the value of epistemic categories is primarily in their moral significance – the achievement of a good life and happiness (eudaimonia). In conclusion, the problematic aspects of virtue epistemology are formulated and promising directions for its further development are shown.

scholarly journals Drought-breaking love: An analysis of the moral values implied in ‘Drought’ by Jan Rabie

Literator ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
C. N. Van der Merwe
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Literary Theory ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Fundamental Value

In this article the tension in 20th century literary theory between absolutism and relativism is discussed. It is argued that, in spite of a movement from absolutism towards relativism, the age-old “absolute” values of truth, beauty and goodness have never been totally forsaken in the creation and the contemplation of literature. In an analysis of “Drought” by Jan Rabie, it is indicated how these values are implied and invoked in Rabie's short story. In conclusion, the fundamental value of love or charity is discussed, a value which contains and supersedes the values of truth, beauty and goodness, and reconciles the tension between absolutism and relativism.

Values for Foxes? A Comment on Kyle Johannsen’s A Conceptual Investigation of Justice

Dialogue ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-739
Author(s):  
COLIN M. MACLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Value Pluralism ◽  
Fundamental Value ◽  
Fundamental Values

This paper provides a critical rejoinder to some themes in Kyle Johannsen’s A Conceptual Investigation of Justice. The discussion focuses on Johannsen’s analysis of fundamental value pluralism and identifies a number of challenges to the form of value pluralism defended by Johannsen. I suggest that Johannsen’s analysis fails to explain how conflicts between fundamental values can be resolved, and that there is greater harmony between fundamental values than Johannsen recognizes.

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