scholarly journals Context, Intersubjectivism, and Value: Humean Constructivism Revisited

Dialogue ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-401
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Maclure
Keyword(s):  
Moral Realism ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Moral Reasons ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
Kantian Constructivism ◽  
Sharon Street ◽  
Satisfactory Answer

ABSTRACTI defend a version of what Sharon Street called “Humean constructivism.” I'll first sketch out why I think that contextual constructivism provides us with a more plausible understanding of the ontological status of values than both Kantian constructivism and moral realism. In addition to its recognition of the role of evolutionary pressures in the emergence of human morality, contextual constructivism must now clarify the role of historical intersubjectivity in the subsequent development of morality. I will then claim that adding a coherentist module to Humean constructivism provides a satisfactory answer to those who fear that contextual metaethical theories can only be non-cognitivist. Finally, I will sketch out why I think that the notion of a mind-independent “space of moral reasons” is largely compatible with Humean constructivism.

A Frankfurter in Königsberg: Prolegomenon to any Future non-metaphysical Kant

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-604
Author(s):  
James Gordon Finlayson
Keyword(s):  
Moral Realism ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
The Other ◽  
Constructivist Theory ◽  
Kantian Constructivism ◽  
Sharon Street ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

AbstractIn this article I press four different objections on Forst’s theory of the ‘Right to Justification’. These are (i) that the principle of justification is not well-formulated; (ii) that ‘reasonableness and reciprocity’, as these notions are used by Rawls, are not apt to support a Kantian conception of morality; (iii) that the principle of justification, as Forst understands it, gives an inadequate account of what makes actions wrong; and (iv) that, in spite of his protestations to the contrary, Forst’s account veers towards a version of moral realism that is prima facie incompatible with Kantian constructivism. I then evaluate Forst’s theory in the light of a distinction made by Sharon Street between restricted and unrestricted constructivism. I show that Forst has reason to deny that it is either the one or the other, but he is not able to show that it is both or neither. I conclude that the arguments Forst advances in support of his constructivist theory of the right to justification entail that it is a metaphysical and comprehensive conception in the relevant, Rawlsian sense. Forst’s theory of the right to justification therefore fails to fulfil one of the main stated aims.

THE ROLE OF SHAIKH NURIDDIN AND SHOKHMALIK IN THE POLITICAL PROCESSESTHAT TOOK PLACE IN THE FIRST DAYS AFTER THE DEATH OF AMIR TEMUR

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Laylo Begimkulova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Processes

In this article, the author, on the basis of historical primary sources, highlights the role and influence of the great emirs Shaikh Nuriddin and Shokhmalik on the political processes that took place after the death of Amir Temur and the subsequent development of events.

The GSTM1 and GSTT1 Null Genotypes Increase the Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Subsequent Development of Diabetic Complications: A Meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayantan Nath ◽  
Sambuddha Das ◽  
Aditi Bhowmik ◽  
Sankar Kumar Ghosh ◽  
Yashmin Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Gstm1 Null Genotype ◽  
Increased Risk

Background:Studies pertaining to association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes with risk of T2DM and its complications were often inconclusive, thus spurring the present study.Methods:Meta-analysis of 25 studies for evaluating the role of GSTM1/GSTT1 null polymorphisms in determining the risk for T2DM and 17 studies for evaluating the role of GSTM1/GSTT1 null polymorphisms in development of T2DM related complications were conducted.Results:Our study revealed an association between GSTM1 and GSTT1 null polymorphism with T2DM (GSTM1; OR=1.37;95% CI =1.10-1.70 and GSTT1; OR=1.29;95% CI =1.04-1.61) with an amplified risk of 2.02 fold for combined GSTM1-GSTT1 null genotypes. Furthermore, the GSTT1 null (OR=1.56;95%CI=1.38-1.77) and combined GSTM1-GSTT1 null genotypes (OR=1.91;95%CI=1.25- 2.94) increased the risk for development of T2DM related complications, but not the GSTM1 null genotype. Stratified analyses based on ethnicity revealed GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes increase the risk for T2DM in both Caucasians and Asians, with Asians showing much higher risk of T2DM complications than Caucasians for the same. </P><P> Discussion: GSTM1, GSTT1 and combined GSTM1-GSTT1 null polymorphism may be associated with increased risk for T2DM; while GSTT1 and combined GSTM1-GSTT1 null polymorphism may increase the risk of subsequent development of T2DM complications with Asian population carrying an amplified risk for the polymorphism.Conclusion:Thus GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes increases the risk for Type 2 diabetes mellitus alone, in combination or with regards to ethnicity.

scholarly journals The Role of Gut, Vaginal, and Urinary Microbiome in Urinary Tract Infections: From Bench to Bedside

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Tomislav Meštrović ◽  
Mario Matijašić ◽  
Mihaela Perić ◽  
Hana Čipčić Paljetak ◽  
Anja Barešić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Urinary Microbiome ◽  
Important Field ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Current Paradigm

The current paradigm of urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogenesis takes into account the contamination of the periurethral space by specific uropathogens residing in the gut, which is followed by urethral colonization and pathogen ascension to the urinary bladder. Consequently, studying the relationship between gut microbiota and the subsequent development of bacteriuria and UTI represents an important field of research. However, the well-established diagnostic and therapeutic paradigm for urinary tract infections (UTIs) has come into question with the discovery of a multifaceted, symbiotic microbiome in the healthy urogenital tract. More specifically, emerging data suggest that vaginal dysbiosis may result in Escherichia coli colonization and prompt recurrent UTIs, while urinary microbiome perturbations may precede the development of UTIs and other pathologic conditions of the urinary system. The question is whether these findings can be exploited for risk reduction and treatment purposes. This review aimed to appraise the three aforementioned specific microbiomes regarding their potential influence on UTI development by focusing on the recent studies in the field and assessing the potential linkages between these different niches, as well as evaluating the state of translational research for novel therapeutic and preventative approaches.

scholarly journals The Role of Radio Loud Phase of Nuclear Activity in Galaxy Formation and Evolution

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (S304) ◽  
pp. 419-420
Author(s):  
Gabriel A. Ohanian
Keyword(s):  
Galaxy Formation ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Nuclear Activity ◽  
Evolution Of Galaxies ◽  
Galaxy Formation And Evolution ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
Key Questions

AbstractKey questions, which arise when one tries to clear up a problem of formation and evolution of galaxies, is the question of energy: what is the energetic budget of AGN owing to form galaxies and provide its subsequent development? Hence, for understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies, it is important to estimate the energetic budget of AGN which we try to do involving radio loud phase of nuclear activity.

scholarly journals Accelerating diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease through risk prediction

BMC Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Yuan ◽  
Brett Beaulieu-Jones ◽  
Richard Krolewski ◽  
Nathan Palmer ◽  
Christine Veyrat-Follet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Time Compression ◽  
Disease Modifying Therapies ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
Diagnostic Window

Abstract Background Characterization of prediagnostic Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and early prediction of subsequent development are critical for preventive interventions, risk stratification and understanding of disease pathology. This study aims to characterize the role of the prediagnostic period in PD and, using selected features from this period as novel interception points, construct a prediction model to accelerate the diagnosis in a real-world setting. Methods We constructed two sets of machine learning models: a retrospective approach highlighting exposures up to 5 years prior to PD diagnosis, and an alternative model that prospectively predicted future PD diagnosis from all individuals at their first diagnosis of a gait or tremor disorder, these being features that appeared to represent the initiation of a differential diagnostic window. Results We found many novel features captured by the retrospective models; however, the high accuracy was primarily driven from surrogate diagnoses for PD, such as gait and tremor disorders, suggesting the presence of a distinctive differential diagnostic period when the clinician already suspected PD. The model utilizing a gait/tremor diagnosis as the interception point, achieved a validation AUC of 0.874 with potential time compression to a future PD diagnosis of more than 300 days. Comparisons of predictive diagnoses between the prospective and prediagnostic cohorts suggest the presence of distinctive trajectories of PD progression based on comorbidity profiles. Conclusions Overall, our machine learning approach allows for both guiding clinical decisions such as the initiation of neuroprotective interventions and importantly, the possibility of earlier diagnosis for clinical trials for disease modifying therapies.

STUDY OF ROLE OF CIRCULATING ANTIOXIDANTS IN DEVELOPMENT OF SENILE CATARACT

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Susruta Sen ◽  
Indranil Chakraborty ◽  
Mousumi Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Indrani Pathak ◽  
Sharmistha Choudhuri
Keyword(s):  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Senile Cataract ◽  
Plasma Ascorbate ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Total Burden ◽  
Control Study

Introduction: Senile cataract is the commonest worldwide cause of treatable blindness, most often due to excess reactive oxygen species [ROS]. Anti-oxidant vitamins namely beta-carotene, ascorbate and tocopherol and enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), constitute rst line defenses against ROS assault, while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels indicate the total burden of lipid peroxidation in-vivo. Objectives: We aimed to compare the levels of above ve analytes in senile cataract patients in contrast to apparently healthy controls and also among smoking and non-smoking sub groups of both cases and controls. Methods: A hospital-based case-control study, was conducted with 102 cases of senile cataract and 102 control subjects, following strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Recruited individuals were sub-categorized into smokers and non-smokers. After overnight fasting (12 hours), 10 ml blood was drawn aseptically. Serum and plasma were separated and used for biochemical estimations of all ve analytes, following established protocols. Levels were compared between cases and controls as well as between the smoking and non-smoking sub-sections of both groups. Results: Signicantly lower levels of plasma ascorbate and serum tocopherol were seen in cases as compared to controls (P=0.0078 and P<0.0001 respectively). Signicantly lower levels of serum beta carotene (P<0.0001), tocopherol (P<0.0001), plasma ascorbate (P<0.0001), and SOD (P<0.0001). Signicantly higher level of serum MDA (P= 0.0494) was seen in the smokers, as compared to non-smokers Conclusions: Lowered serum tocopherol and plasma ascorbate were signicant factors leading to senile cataract. Furthermore, smoking was found crucial in loss of anti-oxidant defenses and subsequent development of cataract.

scholarly journals Anti-C5a complementary peptide mitigates zymosan-induced severe peritonitis with fibrotic encapsulation in rats pretreated with methylglyoxal

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (6) ◽  
pp. F1732-F1746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiki Iguchi ◽  
Masashi Mizuno ◽  
Yasuhiro Suzuki ◽  
Fumiko Sakata ◽  
Shoichi Maruyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Visceral Peritoneum ◽  
Peritoneal Encapsulation ◽  
Severe Peritonitis

In a previous study of fungal peritoneal injury in peritoneal dialysis patients, complement (C)-dependent pathological changes were developed in zymosan (Zy)-induced peritonitis by peritoneal scraping. However, the injuries were limited to the parietal peritoneum and did not show any fibrous encapsulation of the visceral peritoneum, which differs from human encapsular peritoneal sclerosis (EPS). We investigated peritoneal injury in a rat model of Zy-induced peritonitis pretreated with methylglyoxal (MGO) instead of scraping (Zy/MGO peritonitis) to clarify the role of C in the process of fibrous encapsulation of the visceral peritoneum. Therapeutic effects of an anti-C5a complementary peptide, AcPepA, on peritonitis were also studied. In Zy/MGO peritonitis, peritoneal thickness, fibrin exudation, accumulation of inflammatory cells, and deposition of C3b and C5b-9 with loss of membrane C regulators were increased along the peritoneum until day 5. On day 14, fibrous encapsulation of the visceral peritoneum was observed, resembling human EPS. Peritoneal injuries and fibrous changes were significantly improved with AcPepA treatment, even when AcPepA was administered following injection of Zy in Zy/MGO peritonitis. The data show that C5a might play a role in the development of encapsulation-like changes in the visceral peritoneum in Zy/MGO peritonitis. AcPepA might have therapeutic effects in fungal infection-induced peritoneal injury by preventing subsequent development of peritoneal encapsulation.

scholarly journals Role of biomarkers in predicting the occurrence of thyroid neoplasms in radiation-exposed children

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-491
Author(s):  
Joseph M Shulan ◽  
Leonid Vydro ◽  
Arthur B Schneider ◽  
Dan V Mihailescu
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Thyroid Neoplasms ◽  
Childhood Cancer Survivors ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Need To Evaluate

With increasing numbers of childhood cancer survivors who were treated with radiation, there is a need to evaluate potential biomarkers that could signal an increased risk of developing thyroid cancer. We aimed to examine the relationships between thyrotropin and thyroglobulin levels and the risk of developing thyroid nodules and cancer in a cohort of radiation-exposed children. 764 subjects who were irradiated in the neck area as children were examined and followed for up to 25 years. All subjects underwent a clinical examination, measurements of thyrotropin, thyroglobulin levels and thyroid imaging. At baseline, 216 subjects had thyroid nodules and 548 did not. Of those with nodules, 176 underwent surgery with 55 confirmed thyroid cancers. During the follow-up, 147 subjects developed thyroid nodules including 22 with thyroid cancer. Thyroglobulin levels were higher in subjects with prevalent thyroid nodules (26.1 ng/mL vs 9.37 ng/mL; P < 0.001) and in those who had an initial normal examination but later developed thyroid nodules (11.2 ng/mL vs 8.87 ng/mL; P = 0.017). There was no relationship between baseline thyrotropin levels and the prevalent presence or absence of thyroid nodules, whether a prevalent neoplasm was benign or malignant, subsequent development of thyroid nodules during follow-up or whether an incident nodule was benign or malignant. In conclusion, in radiation-exposed children, higher thyroglobulin levels indicated an increased risk of developing thyroid nodules but did not differentiate between benign and malignant neoplasms. There was no association between the baseline TSH level and the risk of developing thyroid nodules or cancer.

2. Natural law and morality

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-73
Author(s):  
Raymond Wacks
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Moral Realism ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Natural Law Theory ◽  
Law And Morality ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter discusses the relationship between the ancient classical theory of natural law and its application to contemporary moral questions. It considers the role of natural law in political philosophy, the decline of the theory of natural law, and its revival in the twentieth century. The principal focus is on John Finnis’s natural law theory based largely on the works of St Thomas Aquinas. The chapter posits a distinction between ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ natural law, examines the notion of moral realism, and examines the tension between law and morality; and the subject of the moral dilemmas facing judges in unjust societies.

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