scholarly journals Population, Growth and Water Use of Groundnut Maintained on Stored Water. III. Dry Matter, Water Use and Light Interception

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Azam-Ali ◽  
L. P. Simmonds ◽  
R. C. Nageswara Rao ◽  
J. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Central India ◽  
Initial Slope ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Concomitant Reduction ◽  
Intercepted Radiation

SUMMARYAt a field site in central India, four populations of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were grown on stored water to investigate how the production of shoot and root dry matter is related to transpired water and intercepted radiation. Throughout the season, total dry matter was closely related to transpiration (slope = 3.0 mg dry matter g−1 water) and the amount of radiation intercepted by foliage (slope = 0.74 g dry matter MJ−1 radiation intercepted). Accumulated transpiration increased linearly with intercepted radiation at 0.37 kg water MJ−1 in the sparser stands. In the densest spacing, the initial slope of the relation at 0.28 kg MJ−1 decreased later in the season because water deficits curtailed growth without a concomitant reduction in the interception of radiation.

scholarly journals The Physiological Basis for Yield Differences between Four Genotypes of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in Response to Drought. II. Solar Radiation Interception and Leaf Movement

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Matthews ◽  
D. Harris ◽  
J. H. Williams ◽  
R. C. Nageswara Rao
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Central India ◽  
Leaf Movement ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Radiation Interception ◽  
Intercepted Solar Radiation ◽  
Intercepted Radiation ◽  
Radiation Avoidance

SUMMARYFour genotypes of groundnut grown with limited irrigation during the post-rainy season in Central India produced similar amounts of dry matter per unit of intercepted solar radiation (e) before pod-filling, although different e values were observed during pod-filling. The relation between cumulative transpiration and intercepted radiation was similar for all genotypes. When drought became severe, fractional radiation interception (f) was reduced by folding of leaves, with little decrease in leaf area (L). The ratio f/√L was used as an index of the degree of leaf folding and was correlated with leaf water potential. The degree of folding varied with genotype and may have contributed to the observed differences in e and the dry matter:water ratio (q). The genotype EC76446(292) had the smallest q and largest f/√L ratio (the poorest radiation avoidance), while Kadiri 3 had the largest q and smallest value of f/√L.

Response of chickpea accessions to row spacing and plant density on a vertisol on the Darling Downs, south-eastern Queensland. 2. Radiation interception and water use

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Leach ◽  
DF Beech
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Radiation Interception ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intercepted Radiation

Interception of radiation by chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), in a year of below-average rainfall, and water use in both wet and dry years, were studied on a deep vertisol soil at Dalby, south-eastern Queensland. Measurements were made on 4 accessions (cv. Tyson, K223, CPI 56287 and CPI 56289) grown at a number of row spacings. Canopies intercepted less than 20% of incident radiation during the first 70 days after sowing (DAS) in the dry year (1980) before radiation interception reached a peak in mid-September (100 DAS) at about 70% interception in 250 mm rows. Above-ground dry matter was linearly related to intercepted radiation to the end of September (119 DAS), giving an efficiency of radiation conversion of 1.4 g DM per MJ of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation. Efficiency of conversion was marginally higher with 125 mm than with 62.5 mm intra-row spacing in rows 250 mm apart. In a wet year (1979), chickpea extracted water from below 1 m depth in the soil profile and used 356 mm water. In the dry year, only 16 1 mm water was used and none was extracted from below 1 m. K223 used water faster than cv. Tyson, and extraction was faster with close than with wide row spacing. Above-ground dry matter was produced at an efficiency of 3.4 (1980) to 4.2 (1979) g m-2 mm-I of water during the main period of growth through September, and a mean of 0.7 g m-2 seed for 2 seasons was produced per mm of water used over the whole season. The small differences in water extraction between accessions and spacing treatments were reflected during pod-filling as differences in plant water potential of 0.1-0.2 MPa during the early afternoon stress period. Chickpea appears to have poor stomata1 control over water loss, being comparable to summer legumes like soybean rather than to cowpea. We conclude that the benefit of close row spacing in enhancing radiation interception outweighs the small disadvantage from accelerated water depletion. The ability of chickpea to produce useful seed yields over a wide range of soil water availability makes it well suited for opportunistic winter cropping.

Effects of Planting Density on Water Use and Productivity of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum Typhoides) Grown on Stored Water. II. Water Use, Light Interception and Dry Matter Production

1984 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Azam-Ali ◽  
P. J. Gregory ◽  
J. L. Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Wide Spacing ◽  
Neutron Probe ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Intercepted Radiation

SUMMARYPearl millet was grown on stored water at Niamey, Niger, using three row spacings. Water extraction based on neutron probe readings was compared with crop transpiration using a porometer and allied measurements. Between 23 and 52 days after sowing, plants at the narrow and medium spacings used about 77 and 100 mm of water, respectively, and those at the wide spacing used between 59 and 75 mm. Estimates of seasonal crop evaporation from leaf resistances and from the green leaf area index (GLAI) of the crops were 103, 130 and 123 mm for the narrow, medium and wide spacings, respectively. The water use per unit of dry weight produced was similar for both narrow and medium spacings but water was used more efficiently in the wide spacing. Dry weight increased in proportion to intercepted radiation with the same efficiency (1·3 g MJ−1) irrespective of spacing.

scholarly journals A comparative assessment of water use efficiency in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) grown in containers and in the field under water-limited conditions

1994 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Hebbar ◽  
V. R. Sashidhar ◽  
M. Udayakumar ◽  
R. Devendra ◽  
R. C. Nageswara Rao
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency

SUMMARYWater use efficiency (WUE) was measured on fourteen genotypes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown in containers under adequately irrigated and water-limited conditions. The genotypes used similar amounts of water but produced different quantities of dry matter. WUE accounted for > 92% of the variation in dry matter production under both irrigated and water-limited conditions. There was a significant increase in WUE under water-limited conditions. Four genotypes selected from the container experiment as having either a high or a low WUE under non-limited or limited water input conditions were further tested under prolonged water deficit conditions in a field experiment. WUE varied significantly between genotypes and there was a positive correlation between WUE and the quantity of dry matter produced by the genotypes. The results suggested that, in three out of four genotypes, the WUE measured in the container experiment was positively correlated with the WUE estimated under field conditions.

scholarly journals Agronomical Response and Water Use Efficiency of Sweet Pepper Plants Grown in Different Greenhouse Substrates

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 810-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco M. del Amor ◽  
María D. Gómez-López
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rice Hull ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Intercepted Radiation

An experiment was carried out to assess the influence of three types of substrate on the growth and yield of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plants were grown during three cycles (2005, 2006, and 2007) in coconut coir dust (CC), urea formaldehyde foam (UF), and rice hull (RH) amended with polyacrylamide gel (water absorber). Growth parameters, dry weight (DW) of vegetative and generative parts, intercepted radiation, water uptake, total fruit yield, and quality parameters were analyzed. Plant height, total leaf fresh weight, and stem diameter were higher in CC and lower for the RH substrate, which also showed lower yields and fruit quality. Accumulated dry matter was modeled according to water uptake and substrate using a linear function. Upper and lower limits in water use efficiency, between 2.5 and 5.7 g DW/L, are linked to the irrigation strategies and crop seasons. Light use efficiency (LUE) under different conditions was also determined to predict plant dry matter and a unique value was obtained for the three substrates (LUE = 0.91 g/MJ). Three different irrigation strategies were proposed for each substrate as a function of intercepted radiation and defining an α coefficient (expressed in mm/m2/MJ) that coupled crop and climate components. These crop characterization and prediction tools could help to optimize plant growth and yield for environmentally friendly substrates.

Effects of Soil Tillage Practice on Dry Matter Production and Water Use Effi-ciency in Wheat

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1432-1440
Author(s):  
Cheng-Yan ZHENG ◽  
Shi-Ming CUI ◽  
Dong WANG ◽  
Zhen-Wen YU ◽  
Yong-Li ZHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Tillage Practice ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Effi Ciency

scholarly journals Intercropping Short and Long Duration Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea) Genotypes to Increase Productivity in Environments Prone to End-of-season Droughts

1990 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Nageswara Rao ◽  
K. D. R. Wadia ◽  
J. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Season Length ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Increase Productivity

SUMMARYThree short duration and one long duration groundnut genotypes, grown either ‘sole’ or as intercrops (in 1:1 ratios of the short duration with the long duration genotypes), were compared in four trials. The intercrop treatments resulted in Land Equivalent Ratios (LERs) of up to 1.25 for pod yield and total biomass despite moderate or severe water deficits at the end of the season. Specific combinations of genotypes were necessary to maximize the LER. The results indicate there is scope for achieving greater productivity in environments with a variable season length by growing late and early genotypes together in an intercrop system.

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