EFFECT OF ALKALINE POTASSIUM AND SODIUM SALTS ON GROWTH, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, IONS ABSORPTION AND SOLUTES SYNTHESIS OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIAOYU LI ◽  
CHUNSHENG MU ◽  
JIXIANG LIN ◽  
YING WANG ◽  
XIUJUN LI
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Alkaline Condition ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Potassium Salts ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Essential Nutrient

SUMMARYPotassium (K) is an essential nutrient and abundant cation in plant cells. The application of K+ could alleviate abiotic stress. However, it was reported that the alleviation of K+ on salt-stressed plants only happened when K+ concentration was low. Most studies were focused on effects of sodium salts on plants in salty soils, and little information was reported about potassium salts, especially a higher level of potassium in alkaline salts. To explore the effects of K+ in alkaline salts on plant growth, and whether it had a same destructive impact as Na+, we mixed two alkaline sodium salts (ASS) (NaHCO3:Na2CO3 = 9:1) and two alkaline potassium salts (APS) (KHCO3:K2CO3 = 9:1) to treat 10-day-old wheat seedlings. Effects of ASS and APS on growth, photosynthesis, ions absorption and solutes accumulation were compared. Results indicated that effects of potassium salts in soil on plants growth were related to K+ concentration. Both growth and photosynthesis of wheat seedlings decreased, and the reduction was higher in APS treatment than in ASS treatment at 40 mM alkalinity. ASS treatment absorbed Na+, competing with K+ and free Ca2+, and inhibited the absorption of inorganic anions. APS treatments accumulated K+ and reduced the absorption of anions, with no competition with other cations. Both APS and ASS treatments promoted free Mg2+ accumulation and inhibited H2PO4−uptake. The reduction of H2PO4− promoted organic acid synthesis indirectly. Soluble sugar and proline accumulation were also related to the alkaline condition and extra K+ addition. In conclusion, excess potassium ions in soil, especially in alkaline soils, were harmful to plants. APS was another severe salt stress, intensity of which was higher than ASS. The growth and physiological response mechanisms of wheat seedlings to APS were similar to ASS. Both inorganic ions and organic solutes took part in the osmotic adjustment. Differences for APS depended on K+, but ASS on Na+.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis on Essential Nutrient Compositions of 23 Wild Hazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla) Grown in Northeast China

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Liying Fan ◽  
Jun Ren ◽  
Yuting Yang ◽  
Limin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
New Cultivars ◽  
Nutrient Compositions

The essential nutrients of 23 wild hazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla) grown in northeast China were analyzed in order to sieve good species and study the factors effected on nut quality. Hazelnut kernels contained 45.76–62.78% fat similar to Corylus avellana and main fatty acids were oleic acid (79.75%), linoleic acid (15.42%), palmitic acid (3.29%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged between 10.37% and 25.88%. Average protein, soluble sugar, starch, and ash contents of hazelnut kernels were 25.12%, 4.98%, 2.03%, and 3.04%, respectively. The amount of amino acids, mostly as glutamic acid, arginine, and aspartic acid, was also determined by the hazelnut varieties. The abovementioned variation was explained by growing environmental differences. Among them, the 11th sample was highest in protein content (30.21%) and 18th sample highest in fat content, while the 5th and 14th samples had relatively balanced nutrients. So, when planning to select new cultivars, we primarily considered different hazelnut qualities.

scholarly journals Exogenous Abscisic Acid Alleviates Harmful Effect of Salt and Alkali Stresses on Wheat Seedlings

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 3770
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Li ◽  
Shuxin Li ◽  
Jinghong Wang ◽  
Jixiang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Wheat Seedlings

Exogenous hormones play an important role in plant growth regulation and stress tolerance. However, little is known about the effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on wheat seedlings under salt and alkali stresses. Here, a pot experiment of saline and alkaline stresses (0 and 100 mmol/L) in which ABA water solution (0, 50 and 100 μmol/L) was sprayed on wheat seedlings was conducted to study the alleviative effectiveness of ABA on salt and alkali stresses. After spraying ABA (50 μmol·L−1), shoot biomass increased 19.0% and 26.7%, respectively. The Na+ content in shoots reduced from 15-fold and 61.5-fold to 10-fold and 37.3-fold in salt and alkali stresses, compared to controls. In addition, proline and organic acid synthesis in shoots also reduced significantly, but the soluble sugar content increased under alkali stress. A high concentration of ABA (100 μmol·L−1) had no significant effects on biomass and ion content in wheat seedlings under both stresses. In conclusion, foliar application of ABA with moderate concentration could effectively accelerate shoot growth of salt-induced wheat seedlings by adjusting the levels of ions and organic solutes.

scholarly journals Development of a mugineic acid family phytosiderophore analog as an iron fertilizer

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Motofumi Suzuki ◽  
Atsumi Urabe ◽  
Sayaka Sasaki ◽  
Ryo Tsugawa ◽  
Satoshi Nishio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Soil Application ◽  
Deoxymugineic Acid ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Practical Synthesis ◽  
Low Solubility ◽  
Poor Stability ◽  
Iron Fertilizer

AbstractIron (Fe) is an essential nutrient, but is poorly bioavailable because of its low solubility in alkaline soils; this leads to reduced agricultural productivity. To overcome this problem, we first showed that the soil application of synthetic 2′-deoxymugineic acid, a natural phytosiderophore from the Poaceae, can recover Fe deficiency in rice grown in calcareous soil. However, the high cost and poor stability of synthetic 2′-deoxymugineic acid preclude its agricultural use. In this work, we develop a more stable and less expensive analog, proline-2′-deoxymugineic acid, and demonstrate its practical synthesis and transport of its Fe-chelated form across the plasma membrane by Fe(III)•2’-deoxymugineic acid transporters. Possibility of its use as an iron fertilizer on alkaline soils is supported by promotion of rice growth in a calcareous soil by soil application of metal free proline-2’-deoxymugineic acid.

scholarly journals Interactive Effects of Cinnamic Acid and Water Stress on Wheat Seedlings

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
N. B. Singh ◽  
Nimisha Amist
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Wheat Seedlings

In the present study we compared the effects of allelochemical with water stress (WS) on growth, biochemical parameters and responses of antioxidative enzymes in wheat seedlings. The wheat seedlings were treated with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM concentrations of cinnamic acid (CA) with and without water stress by withholding water supply for 5 days. Leaf water status, photosynthetic pigments, protein content, amount of proline and nitrate reductase (NR) and antioxidant enzymes activities were examined. CA resulted in reduction of seedling height with drastic decrease in stressed seedlings. The combined treatments CA+WS further decreased the seedling height. The same result was registered for seedlings dry weight, relative water content and pigment and protein contents. Total soluble sugar content and nitrate reductase activity were variedly affected under all treatments. Proline content and lipid peroxidation increased. Activity of superoxide dismutase increased significantly (less than 0.05) while catalase P activity was lower in all treatments. Ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase activities were higher as compared with catalase which showed protection of wheat seedlings from oxidative stress. Water stress elevated the toxic effect of allelochemical.

Abscisic acid induced stress-like polyamine pattern in wheat seedlings, and its reversal by potassium ions

1993 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Aurisano ◽  
Alcidc Bertani ◽  
Monica Mattana ◽  
Remo Reggiani
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Induced Stress

Complexes of 18-crown-6 macrocyclic ethers obtained from ethereal solvents. Complexes of potassium and sodium salts with host:guest ratios of 1:2 and 1:3

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 808-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Rodrigue ◽  
John W. Bovenkamp ◽  
Benoit V. Lacroix ◽  
Robert A. B. Bannard ◽  
Gerald W. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Stability Constant ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Sodium Thiocyanate ◽  
Potassium Salts ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Ultraviolet Spectra ◽  
Macrocyclic Ethers ◽  
Contact Ion Pairs ◽  
Cis Isomer

This paper describes the synthesis, in ethereal solvents, of the complexes of 18-crown-6, the cis–syn–cis and the cis–anti–cis isomers of dicyclohexano-18-crown-6, and dibenzo-18-crown-6 with the potassium and sodium salts of phenoxide and thiocyanate (as well as some potassium oximate salts). In general, the macrocycles break down the aggregates of the potassium salts so that the complexes of the contact ion pairs are isolated. The complex of the cis–anti–cis isomer of dicyclohexano-18-crown-6, however, which has a low stability constant, complexes the dimer of potassium phenoxide to give a complex with a 1:2 host:guest ratio. This appears to be the first example of a 1:2 host:guest ratio of a potassium salt with an 18-crown-6 macrocycle. There is a greater tendency for the complexes of sodium salts to have host:guest ratios less than 1:1. Thus, 18-crown-6 gives complexes with sodium phenoxide and sodium thiocyanate which have 1:3 and 1:2 host:guest ratios, respectively. Host:guest ratios of 1:2 are also obtained for the two above-mentioned isomers of dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 and for dibenzo-18-crown-6 with sodium phenoxide. Sodium thiocyanate gives complexes with either 1:1 or 1:2 host:guest ratios depending on the macrocycle. With dibenzo-18-crown-6, sodium thiocyanate gives a 1:1 complex in which one molecule of the solvent used is incorporated into the complex. The infrared and ultraviolet spectra of the complexes are discussed.

Impact of dissolved sodium salts on kraft cooking reactions

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Bogren ◽  
Harald Brelid ◽  
Marta Bialik ◽  
Hans Theliander
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Hofmeister Effect ◽  
Macromolecular Systems ◽  
Kraft Cooking ◽  
Hexenuronic Acid ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract This study examined the effects of inactive ions – ions not reacting with wood – during kraft cooking, which thus far have received modest attention. Six different sodium salts were added to kraft cooking liquors at two different levels of alkalinities. Delignification as well as the formation and degradation of hexenuronic acid (HexA) were observed of Scots pine sapwood meal. The delignification rate was greatly affected by the presence of additional anions. Chloride ions had the greatest retarding effect, while the addition of polyacrylate ions had almost no effect. When carbonate, sulphate and lactate ions were added to the liquors, the delignification rates were in-between the series with chloride and polyacrylates ions. We suggest that the anions affect the solubility of lignin fragments in analogy to the Hofmeister effect observed in various macromolecular systems in the presence of dissolved salts. When the reactions involving HexA were examined, the opposite results were obtained. In that case, the highest reaction rates were in the presence of chloride ions, and the lowest rates were obtained when no extra ions were added, and the second lowest rates were obtained in the presence of polyacrylate ions. As for delignification, the cooking series containing carbonate, sulphate and lactate ions had a reaction rate in-between the series with the highest and lowest rates. The differences obtained with various inorganic ions can be qualitatively explained by the Donnan equilibrium theory and by the variation in activity coefficients of hydroxide ions. Findings imply that knowledge of kraft cooking is far from complete. The effects of inactive ions on reaction kinetics should also receive more attention.

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