THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. XV. NATURE OF DEVELOPMENTAL HOMEOSTASIS FOR VIABILITY

Genetics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-300
Author(s):  
Terumi Mukai ◽  
Sadao I Chigusa ◽  
Shin-Ichi Kusakabe
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Sampling Variance ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Developmental Homeostasis ◽  
Relative Viability ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
New Mutations

ABSTRACT Developmental homeostasis of relative viability was examined for homozygotes and heterozygotes using second chromosomes from two populations of Drosophila melanogaster. One was a chromosome population in which spontaneous mutations were allowed to accumulate since it was begun with a single near-normal second chromosome. The second was a natural population approximately at equilibrium. For the estimation of relative viability, the Cy method was employed (Wallace 1956), and environmental variance between simultaneously replicated cultures was used as the index of developmental homeostasis. A new method was used in the estimation of sampling variance for relative viability that was employed for the calculation of environmental variance (error variance between simultaneously replicated cultures — sampling variance). The following findings were obtained.: (1) The difference in environmental variance between homozygotes and heterozygotes could not be seen when a chromosome population with variation due to new mutations was tested. (2) When a chromosome group isolated from an approximate equilibrium population was examined, heterozygotes manifested a smaller environmental variance than the homozygotes if their relative viabilities were approximately the same. (3) There was a slight negative correlation between viability and environmental variance, although opposite results were found when the viabilities of individuals were high, especially when overdominance (coupling overdominance, Mukai 1969 a, b) was manifest. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that developmental homeostasis was a product of natural selection, and its mechanism was discussed.

Testing for Asymmetrical Gene Flow in aDrosophila melanogasterBody-Size Cline

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 165 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Jason Kennington ◽  
Julia Gockel ◽  
Linda Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Genetic Parameter ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Microsatellite Data ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Private Alleles

AbstractAsymmetrical gene flow is an important, but rarely examined genetic parameter. Here, we develop a new method for detecting departures from symmetrical migration between two populations using microsatellite data that are based on the difference in the proportion of private alleles. Application of this approach to data collected from wild-caught Drosophila melanogaster along a latitudinal body-size cline in eastern Australia revealed that asymmetrical gene flow could be detected, but was uncommon, nonlocalized, and occurred in both directions. We also show that, in contrast to the findings of a previous study, there is good evidence to suggest that the cline experiences significant levels of gene flow between populations.

scholarly journals EVIDENCE FOR COADAPTATION: NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN LETHAL GENES AND POLYMORPHIC INVERSIONS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-702
Author(s):  
Takao K Watanabe ◽  
Tsuneyuki Yamazaki
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Gene Arrangement ◽  
Induced Mutations ◽  
And Inversion ◽  
Lethal Genes ◽  
New Mutations

ABSTRACT Through examination of all available data on lethal and inversion frequencies on the second chromosome in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster, we have discovered that there is a clear negative correlation between the two quantities. Lethal genes are located more densely on the regions of standard gene arrangement than the inverted regions, and this accounts for the negative correlation. To reveal the underlying mechanism of the phenomena, we have carried out an experiment and found that effect of EMS-induced mutations on the inversion-carrying chromosome is more severe than that on the standard chromosome. We interpret these results as evidence for coadaptation or position-effect within the inversion chromosomes. New mutations within the coadapted gene complex are quickly eliminated from the population and polymorphic inversions are kept free of mutants through selective elimination.

QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN GENETIC PARAMETERS FOR WING TRAITS

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-566
Author(s):  
David E Cowley ◽  
William R Atchley ◽  
J J Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Environmental Variance

ABSTRACT Sexual dimorphism in genetic parameters is examined for wing dimensions of Drosophila melanogaster. Data are fit to a quantitative genetic model where phenotypic variance is a linear function of additive genetic autosomal variance (common to both sexes), additive genetic X-linked variances distinct for each sex, variance due to common rearing environment of families, residual environmental variance, random error variance due to replication, and variance due to measurement error and developmental asymmetry (left vs. right sides). Polygenic dosage compensation and its effect on genetic variances and covariances between sexes is discussed. Variance estimates for wing length and other wing dimensions highly correlated with length support the hypothesis that the Drosophila system of dosage compensation will cause male X-linked genetic variance to be substantially larger than female X-linked variance. Results for various wing dimensions differ, suggesting that the level of dosage compensation may differ for different traits. Genetic correlations between sexes for the same trait are presented. Total additive genetic correlations are near unity for most wing traits; this indicates that selection in the same direction in both sexes would have a minor effect on changing the magnitude of difference between sexes. Additive X-linked correlations suggest some genotype × sex interactions for X-linked effects.

scholarly journals Polygenic mutation in Drosophila melanogaster: estimates from response to selection of inbred strains.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 937-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
T F Mackay ◽  
J D Fry ◽  
R F Lyman ◽  
S V Nuzhdin
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Response To Selection ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Rapid Responses ◽  
Bristle Number ◽  
Mutational Variance ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
New Mutations

Abstract Replicated divergent artificial selection for abdominal and sternopleural bristle number from a highly inbred strain of Drosophila melanogaster resulted in an average divergence after 125 generations of selection of 12.0 abdominal and 8.2 sternopleural bristles from the accumulation of new mutations affecting bristle number. Responses to selection were highly asymmetrical, with greater responses for low abdominal and high sternopleural bristle numbers. Estimates of VM, the mutational variance arising per generation, based on the infinitesimal model and averaged over the responses to the first 25 generations of selection, were 4.32 x 10(-3) VE for abdominal bristle number and 3.66 x 10(-3) VE for sternopleural bristle number, where VE is the environmental variance. Based on 10 generations of divergent selection within lines from generation 93, VM for abdominal bristle number was 6.75 x 10(-3) VE and for sternopleural bristle number was 5.31 x 10(-3) VE. However, estimates of VM using the entire 125 generations of response to selection were lower and generally did not fit the infinitesimal model largely because the observed decelerating responses were not compatible with the predicted increasing genetic variance over time. These decelerating responses, periods of response in the opposite direction to artificial selection, and rapid responses to reverse selection all suggest new mutations affecting bristle number on average have deleterious effects on fitness. Commonly observed periods of accelerated responses followed by long periods of stasis suggest a leptokurtic distribution of mutational effects for bristles.

scholarly journals Deep sequencing of natural and experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster reveals biases in the spectrum of new mutations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe June Assaf ◽  
Susanne Tilk ◽  
Jane Park ◽  
Mark L. Siegal ◽  
Dmitri A. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Mutation Accumulation ◽  
Sequencing Error ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Nucleotide Mutation ◽  
New Mutations

AbstractMutations provide the raw material of evolution, and thus our ability to study evolution depends fundamentally on whether we have precise measurements of mutational rates and patterns. Here we explore the rates and patterns of mutations using i) de novo mutations from Drosophila melanogaster mutation accumulation lines and ii) polymorphisms segregating at extremely low frequencies. The first, mutation accumulation (MA) lines, are the product of maintaining flies in tiny populations for many generations, therefore rendering natural selection ineffective and allowing new mutations to accrue in the genome. In addition to generating a novel dataset of sequenced MA lines, we perform a meta-analysis of all published MA studies in D. melanogaster, which allows more precise estimates of mutational patterns across the genome. In the second half of this work, we identify polymorphisms segregating at extremely low frequencies using several publicly available population genomic data sets from natural populations of D. melanogaster. Extremely rare polymorphisms are difficult to detect with high confidence due to the problem of distinguishing them from sequencing error, however a dataset of true rare polymorphisms would allow the quantification of mutational patterns. This is due to the fact that rare polymorphisms, much like de novo mutations, are on average younger and also relatively unaffected by the filter of natural selection. We identify a high quality set of ~70,000 rare polymorphisms, fully validated with resequencing, and use this dataset to measure mutational patterns in the genome. This includes identifying a high rate of multi-nucleotide mutation events at both short (~5bp) and long (~1kb) genomic distances, showing that mutation drives GC content lower in already GC-poor regions, and finding that the context-dependency of the mutation spectrum predicts long-term evolutionary patterns at four-fold synonymous sites. We also show that de novo mutations from independent mutation accumulation experiments display similar patterns of single nucleotide mutation, and match well the patterns of mutation found in natural populations.

scholarly journals The response to artificial selection from new mutations in Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Caballero ◽  
M A Toro ◽  
C López-Fanjul
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Single Mutation ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Bristle Number ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Mutational Variance ◽  
New Mutations

Abstract Twenty generations of divergent selection for abdominal bristle number were carried out starting from a completely homozygous population of Drosophila melanogaster. All lines were selected with the same proportion (20%) but at two different numbers of selected parents of each sex (5 or 25). A significant response to selection was detected in eight lines (out of 40) and, in most cases, it could be wholly attributed to a single mutation of relatively large effect (0.5-2 phenotypic standard deviations). The ratio of new mutational variance to environmental variance was estimated to be (0.33 +/- 0.11) X 10(-3). The distribution of mutant effects was asymmetrical, both with respect to bristle number (85% of it was negative) and to fitness (most detected bristle mutations were lethal or semilethal). Moreover, this distribution was leptokurtic, due to the presence of major genes. Gene action on bristles ranged from additive to completely recessive, no epistatic interactions being found. In agreement with theory, larger responses in each direction were achieved by those lines selected at greater effective population sizes. Furthermore, the observed divergence between lines selected in opposite directions was proportional to their effective size, as predicted for mutations of large effect.

scholarly journals Comparative population structuring of molecular and allozyme variation of Drosophila melanogaster Adh between Europe, West Africa and East Africa

1995 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Bénassi ◽  
Michel Veuille
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
West Africa ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
East African ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Population Structuring ◽  
Two Populations

SummaryRestriction enzyme molecular variation in Drosophila melanogaster Adh was compared between three natural populations from Europe, West Africa and East Africa. The frequency distribution of silent variation in the slow allele was compatible with the neutral model in all three samples. The number of haplotypes in East Africa was significantly higher than in the other two populations. The largest divergence, as measured by Fst, was between the East African population and a group made up from the West African, the European, and previously studied American populations. We suggest that a split first occurred within African populations at least 44000 years ago. European populations separated from West Africa more recently, between the last glacial maximum and the post-glacial optimum, 18000 to 8000 years ago. We suggest that this species was domesticated recently relative to human evolution, possibly with the advent of agriculture. Population differentiation with respect to the two allozymes, fast and slow, does not follow the geographical pattern of silent variation. It opposes European to both African populations, and probably results from selection for adaptation to alcohol in recent temperate populations.

scholarly journals Transposable element-induced polygenic mutations in Drosophila melanogaster

1987 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trudy F. C. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Transposable Element ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
P Element ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
P Elements ◽  
Very High ◽  
Mutational Variance

SummaryP-element mutagenesis was used to contaminate M-strain second chromosomes with P elements. The effect of P-element transposition on abdominal and sternopleural bristle scores and on female productivity was deduced by comparing the distributions of these quantitative traits among the contaminated second-chromosome lines with a control population of M-strain second-chromosome lines free of P elements. Estimates of P-element-induced mutational variance, Vm, for these characters are very high, and mutational ‘heritabilities’ (Vm/Ve, the ratio of mutational variance to environmental variance) are of the same order as heritabilities of these traits from natural populations. P-element-induced mutational variance of abdominal bristle score is roughly two orders of magnitude greater than spontaneous and X-ray-induced Vm/Ve for this trait.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF FITNESS COMPONENTS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. HETEROZYGOTE VIABILITY INDICES

Genetics ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
Alan J Katz ◽  
Ricardo A Cardellino
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Reciprocal Effects ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genotypic Variance ◽  
Fitness Components ◽  
Marker Chromosomes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Relative Viability

ABSTRACT We examine the assumption of "dominance" with regard to viability of the Cy and Pm marker chromosomes in D. melanogaster. This assumption is often invoked for the extraction of wild-type second chromosomes from natural populations and for the calculation of relative viability indices. Significant genotypic variances for viability are found among both C y / f i and P m / f i heterozygotes in California and Japanese populations. The magnitude of the Pm/+i genotypic variance is substantially less than that of the Cy/+j heterozygotes (less than one half). Significant reciprocal effects are also found to influence Cy/+j, Pm/+i and + J f j viabilities. We conclude that viability indices of heterozygotes based on the Curly method are biased. We suggest that viability indices in the future be expressed relative to the viability of the Cy/Pm genotype (Curly-Plum method) or possibly that of the Pm/+i genotype (Plum method).

scholarly journals A Drosophila melanogaster mitotype may have an adaptive meaning

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-374
Author(s):  
D. V. Petrovskii ◽  
L. P. Zakharenko
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
The State ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
The Difference ◽  
State Of Rest

Several different mitochondrial clades have been found in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Most often, the difference is in single nucleotide substitutions, some of which are conservative. Some clades are rare, and others dominate. It has been reported that clade III dominates over clades V and VI in seven populations of D. melanogaster. We compared D. melanogaster strains with different mitotypes by locomotor activity (using TriKinetics Drosophila Activity Monitor), energy expenditure (by indirect calorimetry, based on measuring oxygen consumption) and life span (under extreme conditions at 29 °C). The nuclear genomes of these strains were aligned for several generations by backcrosses. According to our data, individuals with the mitotype from clade III had a higher level of locomotor activity and longer life span. In terms of energy expenditure, the strains studied did not differ. However, the same level of energy expenditure may be differently distributed between the state of activity and the state of rest or sleep. If the energy expenditure during the sleep in flies with different locomotor activity is the same, then an individual with the same overall energy expenditure can move a greater distance or be active longer. This can be interpreted as an advantage of the strain with the mitotype from clade III compared to the other two mitotypes studied. If individuals have different energy expenditure values at rest, the strains with lower energy expenditure at rest spend less energy during forced inactivity. In this case, the mitotype from clade III should also be advantageous. What nucleotide substitutions in the mitotype from clade III can provide an adaptive advantage is not clear yet. We assume that individuals with widespread clade М(III) may have adaptive advantages compared to other mitotypes due to their greater locomotor activity even with the same energy expenditure. Further studies are required, for mitotypes are polymorphic for single nucleotide polymorphism not only between but also within the clades.

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