scholarly journals GENETIC VARIATION AFFECTING THE EXPRESSION OF CATALASE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: CORRELATIONS WITH RATES OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-448
Author(s):  
Glenn C Bewley ◽  
Cathy C Laurie-Ahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Enzyme Synthesis ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Intracellular Degradation ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Catalase Protein ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

ABSTRACT Both second and third chromosome substitution lines isolated from natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster affect the expression of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) at both the larval and adult stages of development. In each case, the level of catalase activity is strongly related to the level of catalase-specific cross-reacting material. Turnover studies employing the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole were conducted on a selected number of lines. Although the variation in steady state levels of catalase protein was highly significant among lines, variation in intracellular degradation rate was not. These results suggest that the different steady state levels observed among lines largely reflect different rates of catalase synthesis.

scholarly journals Genetic variation in the dietary sucrose modulation of enzyme activities in Drosophila melanogaster

1984 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billy W. Geer ◽  
Cathy C. Laurie-Ahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
High Sucrose Diet ◽  
Selection Of

SUMMARYGenetic variation in the modulating effect of dietary sucrose was assessed in Drosophila melanogaster by examining 27 chromosome substitution lines coisogenic for the X and second chromosomes and possessing different third isogenic chromosomes derived from natural populations. An increase in the concentration of sucrose from 0·1% to 5% in modified Sang's medium C significantly altered the activities of 11 of 15 enzyme activities in third instar larvae, indicating that dietary sucrose modulates many, but not all, of the enzymes of D. melanogaster. A high sucrose diet promoted high activities of enzymes associated with lipid and glycogen synthesis and low activities of enzymes of the glycolytic and Krebs cycle pathways, reflecting the physiological requirements of the animal. Analyses of variance revealed significant genetic variation in the degrees to which sucrose modulated several enzyme activities. Analysis of correlations revealed some relationships between enzymes in the genetic effects on the modulation process. These observations suggest that adaptive evolutionary change may depend in part on the selection of enzyme activity modifiers that are distributed throughout the genome.

scholarly journals TEMPORAL VARIATION FOR THE EXPRESSION OF CATALASE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: CORRELATIONS BETWEEN RATES OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS AND LEVELS OF TRANSLATABLE CATALASE-MESSENGER RNA

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 919-938
Author(s):  
Glenn C Bewley ◽  
William J Mackay ◽  
Julia L Cook
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Structural Gene ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Enzyme Synthesis ◽  
Chromosome Substitution ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Segmental Aneuploidy

ABSTRACT Two variants that alter the temporal expression of catalase have been isolated from a set of third chromosome substitution lines. Each variant has been mapped to a cytogenetic interval flanked by the visible markers st (3-44.0) and cu (3-50.0) at a map position of 47.0, which is within or near the interval 75D-76A previously identified as containing the catalase structural gene on the bases of dosage responses to segmental aneuploidy. Each variant operates by modulating the rate of enzyme synthesis and the level of translatable catalase-mRNA.

scholarly journals Extensive epistasis for olfactory behaviour, sleep and waking activity in Drosophila melanogaster

2012 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHILPA SWARUP ◽  
SUSAN T. HARBISON ◽  
LAUREN E. HAHN ◽  
TATIANA V. MOROZOVA ◽  
AKIHIKO YAMAMOTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Epistatic Effects ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Pleiotropic Gene ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Olfactory Behaviour ◽  
New Mutations

SummaryEpistasis is an important feature of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits, but the dynamics of epistatic interactions in natural populations and the relationship between epistasis and pleiotropy remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the effects of epistatic modifiers that segregate in a wild-derived Drosophila melanogaster population on the mutational effects of P-element insertions in Semaphorin-5C (Sema-5c) and Calreticulin (Crc), pleiotropic genes that affect olfactory behaviour and startle behaviour and, in the case of Crc, sleep phenotypes. We introduced Canton-S B (CSB) third chromosomes with or without a P-element insertion at the Crc or Sema-5c locus in multiple wild-derived inbred lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) and assessed the effects of epistasis on the olfactory response to benzaldehyde and, for Crc, also on sleep. In each case, we found substantial epistasis and significant variation in the magnitude of epistasis. The predominant direction of epistatic effects was to suppress the mutant phenotype. These observations support a previous study on startle behaviour using the same D. melanogaster chromosome substitution lines, which concluded that suppressing epistasis may buffer the effects of new mutations. However, epistatic effects are not correlated among the different phenotypes. Thus, suppressing epistasis appears to be a pervasive general feature of natural populations to protect against the effects of new mutations, but different epistatic interactions modulate different phenotypes affected by mutations at the same pleiotropic gene.

scholarly journals NATURALLY OCCURRING ENZYME ACTIVITY VARIATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. II. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENZYMES

Genetics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-221
Author(s):  
A N Wilton ◽  
C C Laurie-Ahlberg ◽  
T H Emigh ◽  
J W Curtsinger
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzymes ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Chromosome Substitution ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Correlated Activity

ABSTRACT This report describes an investigation of the specificities of the genetic effects, caused by whole chromosome substitution, on the activities of 23 enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster. Two types of correlation estimates are examined, the product-moment correlation over the chromosome substitution line means and the corresponding correlation of line effects, which is a standardized covariance component estimate. The two types of correlations give very similar results. Although there is ample evidence for specific line effects on individual enzyme activities, there are extensive intercorrelations among many of the enzymes for both second- and third-chromosome substitution lines. The pattern of correlations with respect to the metabolic functions or other properties of the enzymes is difficult to visualize by inspection of the correlation matrix, so a multivariate graphical technique, the biplot (Gabriel 1971), was employed to obtain a two-dimensional view of relationships among the enzyme activities. The second and third chromosome lines show similar patterns. Four of the five mitochondrial enzymes form one highly intercorrelated group whereas another highly intercorrelated group contains several cytosolic enzymes. Within the cytosolic group, particularly high correlations are observed between enzymes that have glucose 6-phosphate as a substrate or product and between enzymes that are NADP-dependent. Although the pattern of intercorrelations is not clearly explicable in terms of metabolic relationships among the enzymes, there is some tendency for enzymes that catalyze sequential reactions or share a substrate or product to have correlated activity levels.

Drosophila melanogaster homologs of the raf oncogene

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 2134-2140
Author(s):  
G E Mark ◽  
R J MacIntyre ◽  
M E Digan ◽  
L Ambrosio ◽  
N Perrimon
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Kinase Domain ◽  
Early Embryogenesis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Steady State Levels

A murine v-raf probe, representing the kinase domain, was used to identify two unique loci in Drosophila melanogaster DNA. The most closely related to v-raf was mapped by in situ hybridization to position 2F5-6 (Draf-1) on the X chromosome, whereas the other raf-related gene (Draf-2) was found at position 43A2-5 on chromosome 2. The nucleotide and amino acid homologies of Draf-1 to the kinase domain of v-raf are 61 and 65%, respectively. The large amount of a 3.2-kilobase Draf-1 transcript detected in eggs as a maternal message decreases during embryonic development, and significant steady-state levels are observed throughout the remainder of morphogenesis. We speculate that the Draf-1 locus plays an important role in early embryogenesis.

scholarly journals Autosomal and X-Linked Additive Genetic Variation for Lifespan and Aging: Comparisons Within and Between the Sexes in Drosophila melanogaster

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 3903-3911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M Griffin ◽  
Holger Schielzeth ◽  
Urban Friberg
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Additive Genetic Variance ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Sexually Antagonistic Selection

Abstract Theory makes several predictions concerning differences in genetic variation between the X chromosome and the autosomes due to male X hemizygosity. The X chromosome should: (i) typically show relatively less standing genetic variation than the autosomes, (ii) exhibit more variation in males compared to females because of dosage compensation, and (iii) potentially be enriched with sex-specific genetic variation. Here, we address each of these predictions for lifespan and aging in Drosophila melanogaster. To achieve unbiased estimates of X and autosomal additive genetic variance, we use 80 chromosome substitution lines; 40 for the X chromosome and 40 combining the two major autosomes, which we assay for sex-specific and cross-sex genetic (co)variation. We find significant X and autosomal additive genetic variance for both traits in both sexes (with reservation for X-linked variation of aging in females), but no conclusive evidence for depletion of X-linked variation (measured through females). Males display more X-linked variation for lifespan than females, but it is unclear if this is due to dosage compensation since also autosomal variation is larger in males. Finally, our results suggest that the X chromosome is enriched for sex-specific genetic variation in lifespan but results were less conclusive for aging overall. Collectively, these results suggest that the X chromosome has reduced capacity to respond to sexually concordant selection on lifespan from standing genetic variation, while its ability to respond to sexually antagonistic selection may be augmented.

Multiple mechanisms are responsible for altered expression of ornithine decarboxylase in overproducing variant cells

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 2865-2871
Author(s):  
L McConlogue ◽  
S L Dana ◽  
P Coffino
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Gene Amplification ◽  
Ornithine Decarboxylase ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Cells Of Origin ◽  
Multistep Process ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

We selected and characterized a series of mouse S49 cell variants that overproduce ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Previously, we described variants that have an amplified ODC gene and produce about 500-fold more ODC than the wild-type cells of origin (L. McConlogue and P. Coffino, J. Biol. Chem. 258:12083-12086, 1983). We examined a series of independent variants that overproduce ODC to a lesser degree and found that a number of mechanisms other than gene amplification are responsible for the increased ODC activity. Variants were selected for resistance to 0.1 mM difluoromethylornithine, an inhibitor of ODC, by either a single or a multistep process. All showed increased ODC activity and increased ODC mRNA steady-state levels. The half-life of the enzyme was not increased in any of the variants. In one class of variant the increase of ODC mRNA was sufficient to account for ODC overproduction. In a second class, the rate of synthesis of ODC polypeptide per ODC mRNA was at least four- to eightfold higher than that in wild-type cells. Therefore, these variants were altered in the translatability of ODC mRNA. Southern analysis showed that gene amplification does not account for the increased ODC mRNA levels in any of the variants. In both variant and wild-type cells, ODC activity was responsive to changes in polyamine pools; activity was reduced following augmentation of pool size. This change in activity was associated with modification of the rate of synthesis and degradation of ODC but no change in the level of ODC mRNA.

scholarly journals Autosomal variation for male body size and sperm competition phenotypes is uncorrelated in Drosophila melanogaster

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 500-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Linda Amah ◽  
Anthony C Fiumera
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Male Body Size ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Significant Line ◽  
Sexually Antagonistic Coevolution

Correlations between male body size and phenotypes impacting post-copulatory sexual selection are commonly observed during the manipulation of male body size by environmental rearing conditions. Here, we control for environmental influences and test for genetic correlations between natural variation in male body size and phenotypes affecting post-copulatory sexual selection in Drosophila melanogaster . Dry weights of virgin males from 90 second-chromosome and 88 third-chromosome substitution lines were measured. Highly significant line effects ( p <0.001) documented a genetic basis to variation in male body size. No significant correlations were identified between male body size and the components of sperm competitive ability. These results suggest that natural autosomal variation for male body size has little impact on post-copulatory sexual selection. If genetic correlations exist between male body size and post-copulatory sexual selection then variation in the sex chromosomes are likely candidates, as might be expected if sexually antagonistic coevolution was responsible.

scholarly journals NATURALLY OCCURRING ENZYME ACTIVITY VARIATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. SOURCES OF VARIATION FOR 23 ENZYMES

Genetics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-206
Author(s):  
C C Laurie-Ahlberg ◽  
A N Wilton ◽  
J W Curtsinger ◽  
T H Emigh
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genetic Component ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Enzyme Activity Variation

ABSTRACT The genetic component of variation of enzyme activity levels in Drosophila melanogaster was investigated by using 48 second- and 48 third-chromosome isogenic substitution lines derived from natural populations. The results confirm those of our earlier experiments with the same lines and extend them to a number of additional enzymes. All 23 enzymes show a significant genetic component to the variation in one or both sets of lines and only a small part of this variation is accounted for by variation among the lines in the amount of tissue per fly. The magnitude of line effects is, in most cases, considerably larger than the magnitude of environmental and measurement error effects, and the line effects are approximately continuous in distribution. Variation in the geographic origin and karyotype of the chromosomes generally does not contribute to the line component of variation, but allozymes provide an important source of variation for a few of the enzymes. Many of the enzymes show evidence for variation of activity modifiers that are not linked to the structural locus of the enzyme.

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