IV.—The Carrara, Massa, and Versilia Marble District

1915 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 554-565
Author(s):  
C. S. Du Riche Preller
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Apuan Alps ◽  
Marble Industry

The range of the Apuan Alps, commonly called the Carrara Mountains, is an offshoot of the Apennines, trending N.N.W. to S.S.E., parallel to the Mediterranean littoral, from which it rises within a distance of barely four miles to a maximum height of 6,000 feet above sea-level. Exclusive of the outer belt of the more recent strata, the Triassic formation, within which the saccharoidal marble beds are situated, covers about 25 by 13 kilometres or about 130 square miles, of which the marble zone proper represents 64 square miles or about half. The range is bounded on the north by the Aullela valley in the Lunigiana district; on the east by the Serchio valley in the Garfagnana district; and on the south by the Serchio valley in the Province of Lucca. The marble district, whose western part faces the Mediterranean, comprises the three divisions of Carrara, Massa, and the Versilia in the corresponding parallel valleys of the Carrione, Frigido, and Serravezza Rivers. The Versilia division, which forms part of the Province of Lucca, is composed of the Seravezza, Stazzema, and Arni subdivisions, of which the last-named lies on the eastern watershed of the Apuan range. The Versilia division also includes Pietrasanta, Camajore, Massarosa, and the wellknown watering-place of Viareggio, near the last-named of which are situated extensive subaqueous deposits of a peculiarly coarse-grained, sharp macigno sand. These deposits, formed as a delta in a lacustrine expanse by the River Serchio, constitute an important and indispensable adjunct of the marble industry as grinding material for the numerous marble saw-mills in the three parallel valleys already referred to.

Prehistoric Galilee

Antiquity ◽  
1927 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Turville Petre
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
The South ◽  
Jordan Valley ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
The North ◽  
East And West ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Western Side

The district with which we are concerned constitutes the northern section of Galilee between the Nahr-el-Kasmiyeh and the Merj Ayun to the north, and the plains of Haifa and Asochis (Sahel-el-Buttauf) and the Wadi Hammam to the south; to the east and west its boundaries are respectively the Jordan and the Mediterranean. The greater part of the region is occupied by a central limestone massif, the Galilean highlands, which rise in a series of terraces from the Jordan valley to a height of nearly 4000 feet above sea level, and then descend steeply to the Mediterranean coastal plain. Much of this country, especially on the western side of the watershed, is barren and uncultivable, but the high central plateau in the north from Yarun to Tibnin and the lower plateaux of Kades and Safsaf include some of the most productive corn-growing districts west of the Jordan. The beds of the larger valleys also, which even in summer are not entirely waterless, provide fertile garden land and are mostly highly cultivated. The more rocky parts of the region provide scant pasturage for flocks of goats, and in most places the olive is cultivated to a limited extent.

V.—On the Cretaceous Fossils found at Moreseat, Aberdeenshire

1898 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
A. J. Jukes-Browne ◽  
John Milne
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Cretaceous Fossils

Moreseat is in the parish of Cruden, in the east of Aberdeenshire. It lies at an elevation of 300 feet above sea-level, and the surface of the ground slopes to the sea at Cruden Bay, distant five miles to the south. On the north the ground rises gradually, reaching the height of 450 feet above sea in Torhendry Ridge, which is strewn with chalk-flintsingreat abundance.

scholarly journals Heavy minerals in the Wajid Sandstone from Abha-Khamis Mushayt area, southwestern Saudi Arabia: implications on provenance and regional tectonic setting

GeoArabia ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahbub Hussain ◽  
Lameed O. Babalola ◽  
Mustafa M. Hariri
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Tectonic Setting ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Heavy Mineral ◽  
Heavy Minerals ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
The South ◽  
Quartz Content ◽  
The North

ABSTRACT The Wajid Sandstone (Ordovician-Permian) as exposed along the road-cut sections of the Abha and Khamis Mushayt areas in southwestern Saudi Arabia, is a mediun to coarse-grained, mineralogically mature quartz arenite with an average quartz content of over 95%. Monocrystalline quartz is the dominant framework grain followed by polycrystalline quartz, feldspar and micas. The non-opaque heavy mineral assemblage of the sandstone is dominated by zircon, tourmaline and rutile (ZTR). Additional heavy minerals, constituting a very minor fraction of the heavies, include epidote, hornblende, and kyanite. Statistical analysis showed significant correlations between zircon, tourmaline, rutile, epidote and hornblende. Principal component R-mode varimax factor analysis of the heavy mineral distribution data shows two strong associations: (1) tourmaline, zircon, rutile, and (2) epidote and hornblende suggesting several likely provenances including igneous, recycled sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. However, an abundance of the ZTR minerals favors a recycled sedimentary source over other possibilities. Mineralogical maturity coupled with characteristic heavy mineral associations, consistent north-directed paleoflow evidence, and the tectonic evolutionary history of the region indicate a provenance south of the study area. The most likely provenances of the lower part (Dibsiyah and Khusayyan members) of the Wajid Sandstone are the Neoproterozoic Afif, Abas, Al-Bayda, Al-Mahfid, and Al-Mukalla terranes, and older recycled sediments of the infra-Cambrian Ghabar Group in Yemen to the south. Because Neoproterozic (650-542 Ma) rocks are not widespread in Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia, a significant source further to the south is not likely. The dominance of the ultrastable minerals zircon, tourmaline and rutile and apparent absence of metastable, labile minerals in the heavy mineral suite preclude the exposed arc-derived oceanic terrains of the Arabian Shield in the west and north as a significant contributor of the sandstone. An abundance of finer-grained siliciclastic sequences of the same age in the north, is consistent with a northerly transport direction and the existence of a deeper basin (Tabuk Basin?) to the north. The tectonic and depositional model presented in this paper differs from the existing model that envisages sediment transportation and gradual basin filling from west to east during the Paleozoic.

Middle Bronze Age Long Distance Exchange through Europe and Beyond

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-274
Author(s):  
Flemming Kaul
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
The South ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Blue Glass ◽  
The North ◽  
Southern Scandinavia ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract The introduction of the folding stool and the single-edged razor into Southern Scandinavia, as well as the testimony of chariot use during the Nordic Bronze Age Period II (1500-1300 BC), give evidence of the transfer of ideas from the Mediterranean to the North. Recent analyses of the chemical composition of blue glass beads from well-dated Danish Bronze Age burials have revealed evidence for the opening of long distance exchange routes around 1400 BC between Egypt, Mesopotamia and South Scandinavia. When including comparative material from glass workshops in Egypt and finds of glass from Mesopotamia, it becomes clear that glass from those distant lands reached Scandinavia. The routes of exchange can be traced through Europe based on finds of amber from the North and glass from the South.

Prehistoric Roads and Tracks in Somerset, England: 2. Neolithic

1970 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 125-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Coles ◽  
F. Alan Hibbert ◽  
Colin F. Clements
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Extensive Region ◽  
Peat Deposits ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
South West England

The Somerset Levels are the largest area of low-lying ground in south-west England, covering an extensive region between the highlands of Exmoor, the Brendon Hills and the Quantock Hills to the west, and the Cotswold and Mendip Hills to the east (Pl. XXIII, inset). The Quantock Hills and the Mendip Hills directly border the Levels themselves, and reach heights of over 250 metres above sea level. The valley between extends to 27 metres below sea level, but is filled to approximately the height of the present sea by a blue-grey clay. The Levels are bisected by the limestone hills of the Poldens, and both parts have other smaller areas of limestone and sand projecting above the peat deposits that cap the blue-grey clay filling. In this paper we are concerned with the northern part of the Levels, an area at present drained by the River Brue.The flat, peat-covered floor of the Brue Valley is some six kilometres wide and is flanked on the north by the Wedmore Ridge, and on the south by the Polden Hills (Pl. XXIII). In the centre of the valley, surrounded by the peat, is a group of islands of higher ground, Meare, Westhay, and Burtle. These islands, which would always have provided relatively dry ground in the Levels, are linked together by Neolithic trackways of the third millennium B.C. Several of these trackways formed the basis of a paper in these Proceedings in 1968 (Coles and Hibbert, 1968), which continued the work of Godwin and others (Godwin, 1960; Dewar and Godwin, 1963).

scholarly journals Biotic and sedimentologic comparison of patch reefs on the north and south shelf of Belize, Central America

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 45-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Burke ◽  
S. J. Mazzullo
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Patch Reef ◽  
Acropora Palmata ◽  
The South ◽  
Northern Shelf ◽  
Patch Reefs ◽  
The North ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Holocene patch-reefs occur throughout the shallow marine platform, to the lee of the barrier reef in northern and southern Belize, Central America. Patch reefs on the northern shelf that occur within an areally extensive patch reef complex (Mexico Rocks) indicate that differences exist between reefs here and well-studied patch reefs on the southern shelf that have been used by workers as a general model for patch reef development throughout Belize. This model proposes that patch reefs on the Belizean shelf are dominated by typical Atlantic-Caribbean, biotically-zoned coral assemblages of Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis that kept up or caught up with Holocene sea level rise during the last 8000 years to form large “keep up” or in some instances “catch up” reefs.In contrast to those in the south, the northern patch reefs are not biotically zoned, are dominated by Montastrea annularis rather than Acropora spp., and are much younger (400 years old) than those in the south. In addition, northern shelf patch reefs developed predominantly by lateral growth in a milieu of static sea level and are herein called “accretion” type reefs. These differences in biotic and sedimentologic parameters between reefs on the northern and southern shelves imply fundamentally different ecologic and sea level history controls on patch reef formation from north to south. A leading contributor to the variation among the reefs along the Belizean shelf may be species-specific growth rates of the coral species that initiate each patch reef, and response to sea level fluctuation versus stasis through time.

Woodeaton

1917 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 98-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The South ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Village

Woodeaton is a small Oxfordshire parish, four miles north-east of the centre of Oxford city and a little west of the wide marshy level of the ‘Plain of Otmoor.’ It stands on a low, detached and rounded hill, 315 feet above sea level, and 120 feet above Otmoor. In old days it must have been difficult of access, for Otmoor spreads away to the east of it; low pastures along the river Cherwell close it in on the north and west, while south-westwards, too, the land is low-lying and marshy. Even to the south-east a marshy hollow separates it from the wooded slopes of Beckley and Elsfield, once part of Shotover Forest. However, the well-known Roman road which connects Dorchester (Oxon.) with Alchester, and which passes along the foot of Shotover, and traverses the village of Beckley and the plain of Otmoor, runs within two miles of Woodeaton; in dry seasons it may have helped those who wished to get to the spot.

Laconia

1950 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 261-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Cook ◽  
R. V. Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Urban Settlement ◽  
West Side ◽  
The North ◽  
The Village

The village of Kalývia Sokhás lies against the base of one of the massive foothills in which Taygetus falls to the plain three or four miles to the south of Sparta (Plate 26, 1). It is bounded by two rivers which flow down in deep clefts from the mountain shelf. The hillside above rises steeply to a summit which is girt with cliffs on all but the west side and cannot be much less than four thousand feet above sea level; this von Prott believed to be the peak of Taleton. Its summit is crowned by the ruins of a mediaeval castle which was undoubtedly built as a stronghold to overlook the Spartan plain; the only dateable object found there, a sherd of elaborate incised ware, indicates occupation at the time when the Byzantines were in possession of Mystra. The location of the other sites mentioned by Pausanias in this region remains obscure, but fortunately that of the Spartan Eleusinion has not been in doubt since von Prott discovered a cache of inscriptions at the ruined church of H. Sophia in the village of Kalývia Sokhás. In 1910 Dawkins dug trenches at the foot of the slope immediately above the village and recovered a fragment of a stele relating to the cult of the goddesses and pieces of inscribed tiles from the sanctuary. The abundance of water in the southern ravine led von Prott to conclude that the old town of Bryseai with its cult of Dionysus also lay at Kalývia Sokhás; but no traces of urban settlement have come to light at the village, and the name rather suggests copious springs such as issue from the mountain foot at Kefalári a mile to the north where ancient blocks are to be seen in the fields.

scholarly journals The Jurassic of the Netherlands

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 217-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.F. Waldemar Herngreen ◽  
Wim F.P. Kouwe ◽  
Theo E. Wong
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
The South ◽  
Lower Saxony ◽  
Central System ◽  
Sequence Stratigraphic ◽  
The North ◽  
Roer Valley Graben ◽  
Middle Callovian

A recent revision of the lithostratigraphy of the Netherlands has triggered an extensive re-evaluation of existing ideas on the Jurassic structural and depositional history. Significant advances can be attributed to the incorporation of sequence stratigraphic concepts. In the course of the Triassic and Jurassic, structural complexity increased progressively. The Jurassic sedimentary succession can be subdivided into three depositional megasequences. Megasequence I (Rhaetian– Aalenian) reflects the period between the so-called early and mid-Cimmerian tectonic phases. Megasequence II (Aalenian – Middle Callovian) covers the period of activity of the mid-Cimmerian phase. Megasequence III (Middle Callovian – Ryazanian) corresponds with the period between the mid-Cimmerian and late Cimmerian phases (particularly after pulse II). In this latter megasequence, six stages (IIIa–f) are recognised. Sediments deposited during the Rhaetian and Ryazanian bear a stronger affinity with the Jurassic succession than with Triassic and Cretaceous sediments respectively. These stages are thus treated here as an integral part of the Jurassic succession. During the Rhaetian–Bajocian the area subsided relatively uniformly. A sheet of predominantly fine-grained marine sediments of great lateral uniformity was deposited. During the Toarcian, in particular, basin circulation was largely restricted. The cooling that followed the thermal Central North Sea dome uplift triggered an important extensional phase during the Aalenian–Callovian. The rift phase resulted in the formation of several smaller basins, each with its own characteristic depositional succession. The basins fall into three structural provinces: the eastern province (Lower Saxony Basin, E–W-striking); the northern province (Central Graben, N–S-striking); and the southern–central system (Roer Valley Graben – Broad Fourteens, with a strong NW–SE strike). The mid-Cimmerian event started to affect the Dutch basins during the Bajocian. Sedimentation ceased in the Dutch Central Graben while it persisted in a predominantly coarse-grained, shallow marine facies in the southern basins (Roer Valley Graben, West Netherlands Basin). Extensional tectonics in the Central Graben were initiated during the Middle Callovian, with the deposition of continental sediments. During the Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian, marine incursions gradually became more frequent. Marine deposition in the other basins in the south persisted into the Oxfordian, at which time deposition became predominantly continental. Marine conditions gradually returned in the south during the Ryazanian–Barremian, with a series of advancing partial transgressions from the north. The present- day distribution of Jurassic strata in the Netherlands was determined largely by erosion associated with Late Cretaceous – Paleocene uplift.

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