The Failure of British Counter-Espionage against Germany, 1907–1914

1985 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 835-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Hiley
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Joint Conference ◽  
Emergency Powers ◽  
And Control ◽  
Police Surveillance

Modern British counter-espionage effectively began in April 1907, when a joint conference of naval and military officials, formed the previous year to consider ‘the Powers Possessed by the Executive in Time of Emergency’, recommended both an immediate strengthening of the laws against espionage, and a War is Office investigation of ‘the question of police surveillance and control of aliens’. These recommendations were to prove an important initiative, and did much to determine the course of British counter-espionage before 1914, yet at the time they probably seemed little more than an airing of old grievances unlikely to find new support, for they were among the last remnants n. of the abortive ‘Emergency Powers Bill’ which the War Office intelligence department had been advocating to strengthen home defence ever since the invasion scare of 1888. The 1906 joint conference had in fact hoped to further the cause of this great legislative package, with its radically new powers of access, requisition and seizure but, faced with the Liberal administration's commitment to the ‘continuous principle’ that a full-scale landing was impossible, had been forced instead to confine itself to the purely naval and military aspects of home defence. As its report confessed in April 1907, in the prevailing climate of opinion the only hope for the great ‘Emergency Powers Bill’ was as a series of ‘small and independent measures’.

Strategies for handling of on-line information for optimising nutrient removal

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-222
Author(s):  
M. K. Nielsen ◽  
T. B. Önnerth
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Continuous Systems ◽  
Information Handling ◽  
New Information ◽  
Payback Time ◽  
On Line ◽  
Control Optimisation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Measurement And Control

Modern on-line measuring has given many new pieces of information which can reveal so far unknown details about load and process behaviour. This new information is primarily used for control optimisation purposes so that all available unused reserves in the plants during normal operation are used for improving the effluent quality and reducing operation costs. Secondly, the new on-line measurements can also be utilised for identifying the process relations as they are described in: a) software sensors, b) load characterisation and c) capacity of the actual plant. Because of the 100 times more detailed information we now get from full-scale plant operation, more fundamental development and research can be carried out based on experiments performed directly on full-scale plants and evaluations of the on-line response to identify the model structure and constant dynamics at full scale. In this way it is possible to develop new processes significantly more quickly than before the on-line information was available. To derive full profit from these improvements the following requirements must be met. a) Measurement. Before identifying the process design constants it is necessary to compensate for the load applied on the full-scale system. This detailed evaluation is often so tedious that it normally has to be performed on an off-line basis, while the data from on-line measurements are brushed and used for on-line control, consequently the new kind of tools are needed in information handling. b) The necessary excitations of the processes are always available during alternating operation. A condition for efficient control is controllability of the system; also in this respect the alternating system offers possibilities far more powerful than continuous systems. c) Third, it is necessary to develop models and strategies which make the new knowledge and control possibilities operational. The identified models, which are continuously updated, can be used for operational improvements which today give an excellent payback time for investment in on-line measurement and control systems. This is documented by introducing alternating operation which ensures the necessary information richness at plants with capacities down to below 20,000 PE. This paper discusses the key points in the recommended approach to and structure of the information handling. The efficiency is demonstrated by introducing alternating operation on a conventional recirculating plant.

scholarly journals Identification and Control of a River-Current-Turbine Generator—Application to a Full-Scale Prototype

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1365-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Hauck ◽  
Axel Rumeau ◽  
Antoneta Iuliana Bratcu ◽  
Seddik Bacha ◽  
Iulian Munteanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Turbine Generator ◽  
And Control ◽  
River Current ◽  
Current Turbine

Lab-Scale, Closed-Loop Experimental Characterization, Model Refinement, and Validation of a Hydrokinetic Energy-Harvesting Ocean Kite

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayaz Siddiqui ◽  
Kartik Naik ◽  
Mitchell Cobb ◽  
Kenneth Granlund ◽  
Chris Vermillion
Keyword(s):  
Closed Loop ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Ocean Current ◽  
Model Refinement ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Channel Environment

Abstract This paper presents a study wherein we experimentally characterize the dynamics and control system of a lab-scale ocean kite, and then refine, validate, and extrapolate this model for use in a full-scale system. Ocean kite systems, which harvest tidal and ocean current resources through high-efficiency cross-current motion, enable energy extraction with an order of magnitude less material (and cost) than stationary systems with the same rated power output. However, an ocean kite represents a nascent technology that is characterized by relatively complex dynamics and requires sophisticated control algorithms. In order to characterize the dynamics and control of ocean kite systems rapidly, at a relatively low cost, the authors have developed a lab-scale, closed-loop prototyping environment for characterizing tethered systems, whereby 3D printed systems are tethered and flown in a water channel environment. While this system has been shown to be capable of yielding similar dynamic characteristics to some full-scale systems, there are also fundamental limitations to the geometric scales and flow speeds within the water channel environment, making many other real-world scenarios impossible to replicate from the standpoint of dynamic similarity. To address these scenarios, we show how the lab-scale framework is used to refine and validate a scalable dynamic model of a tethered system, which can then be extrapolated to full-scale operation. In this work, we present an extensive case study of this model refinement, validation, and extrapolation on an ocean kite system intended for operation in the Gulf Stream or similar current environments.

scholarly journals Adaptation of a Developmental Test to Accommodate Young Children with Low Vision

2017 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-111
Author(s):  
Viviana Ferreira ◽  
Cristina P. Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
C Language ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Visual Contrast ◽  
Developmental Test ◽  
And Control

Introduction This study analyzed the effects of accommodations for children with low vision in the Griffiths Mental Development Scales–Extended Revised (GMDS-ER). Methods The sample comprised 25 children with low vision and chronological ages between 28 and 76 months. There were two assessment phases: in the first, the Griffiths Scales were administered according to the procedures described in the manual; about two to four weeks later, a second assessment was performed with the same instrument that had been adapted for low vision. Results The results indicated that there were some favorable differences in the use of item accommodations for children with low vision, including statistically significant improvements of scores in sub-scales A, locomotor; C, language; and E, performance, as well as in the full scale. All children, except one, increased their full scale score; in the subscales, the number of children that increased their scores varied. The combination of different types of accommodations (materials, administration conditions, and success criteria) generated the best results. Still, many children increased their scores with only accommodations to materials (for instance, enhancement of contours and greater visual contrast). Discussion The results demonstrated the importance of adapting developmental standardized tests for children with low vision. Future studies should increase the sample size and control variables related to type of visual impairment. Implications for practitioners Test developers and test users should consider accommodations for young children with low vision. That way, the developmental level could be described more precisely and intervention could be better adjusted to each child's abilities. Furthermore, a more accurate developmental assessment of effective child's competencies and difficulties may be useful in terms of eligibility criteria for special education services.

Real time control for reduced aeration and chemical consumption: a full scale study

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 2169-2175 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Thornton ◽  
N. Sunner ◽  
M. Haeck
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Running Cost ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control

The use of the activated sludge process (ASP) for the nitrification/denitrification of wastewaters is commonplace throughout the UK and many other parts of the industrial world. Associated with this process are significant costs arising from aeration requirements and for selected sites, the need to provide an external carbon source. These costs can constitute up to of 50% of the total running cost of the whole plant and as such, any effort to reduce them could realise significant benefits. This paper investigates the use of real time control (RTC) using online sensors and control algorithms to optimise the operation of the ASP, leading to greater efficiency and sustainability. Trials were undertaken at full scale to assess the benefit of such a system at a 250,000 population equivalent (PE) works on the south coast of the UK, using Activated sludge model No.1 (ASM 1) as a basis for the control system. Initial results indicate that it is possible to significantly reduce both aeration and chemical consumption costs whilst still delivering the required effluent quality. Over the trial period the aeration requirements were consistently reduced by 20% whereas, a reduction in methanol consumption of in excess of 50% was observed.

Design and operating experiences of municipal MBRs in Europe

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2319-2327 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Itokawa ◽  
C. Thiemig ◽  
J. Pinnekamp
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Membrane Unit ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Membrane Flux ◽  
The Moment ◽  
And Control

The number of membrane bioreactor (MBR) installations is increasing worldwide, not only for small-scale industrial WWTPs but also for larger-scale municipal WWTPs. In Europe, MBR has been installed in municipal WWTPs since late 1990s, and more than 100 full-scale plants are operated at the moment. In this paper, present state of European municipal MBRs is described in terms of design and operating conditions, as well as operating problems and their solutions, based on the information collected from 17 full-scale WWTPs by interview and questionnaire survey. Decisive factors of MBR installation at these plants were footprint and effluent quality. Full-aerobic and pre-denitrification were the most common reactor configurations, nearly half of them being equipped with independent filtration tanks. Operating conditions of bioreactor and filtration, including membrane flux and cleaning strategy, were different from plant to plant, as a result of plant-specific optimization experiences, even among the similar type of membrane. Operating problems specific for MBR were reported, including blocking/failure of pre-screen, sludging/hair-clogging of membrane, damage on membrane unit, air in permeate pipes, as well as conventional troubles including occurrence of scum and initial trouble in instrumentation and control systems. Aspects for further optimization of MBR design were also pointed out by the operators.

Evaluation of upgrading a full-scale activated sludge process integrated with floating biofilm carriers

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 1594-1601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shijian Ge ◽  
Yunpeng Zhu ◽  
Shuang Qiu ◽  
Xiong Yang ◽  
Bin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Aeration Time ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Aeration System ◽  
And Control

This study evaluated the performance of a full-scale upgrade of an existing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) with the intermittent cyclic extended aeration system (ICEAS), located in Qingdao, China. The ICEAS system was not able to meet effluent standards; therefore, a series of modifications and control strategies were applied as follows: (1) floating plastic carriers were added to the tank to aid biofilm formation; (2) operation parameters such as mixing and aeration time, feeding rate, and settling time were adjusted and controlled with a real-time control system; (3) a sludge return system and submersible water impellers were added; (4) the aeration system was also improved to circulate carriers and prevent clogging. The modified ICEAS system exhibited efficient organic and nutrient removal, with high removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (89.57 ± 4.10%), NH4+-N (95.46 ± 3.80%), and total phosphorus (91.90 ± 4.36%). Moreover, an annual power reduction of 1.04 × 107 kW·h was realized as a result of these modifications.

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