Codebreaking in World Wars I and II: the major successes and failures, their causes and their effects

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kahn
Keyword(s):  
The World ◽  
Successes And Failures ◽  
Signals Intelligence

The story of signals intelligence begins in the days of the pharaohs. A letter records the intention of a foreigner to determine the meaning of fires raised by the Egyptians. (No one knows if he succeeded.) Several centuries later, in 207 B.C., the Romans intercepted a letter from Hasdrubal to his brother Hannibal, further south in Italy. It enabled the Romans to concentrate their forces at the Metaurus River to defeat the Carthaginians. This was the only battle in Edward S. Creasy's The fifteen decisive battles of the world: from Marathon to Waterloo that depended upon intelligence for its victory.

LIBERAL AND CONSERVATIVE VIEWS OF MARRIAGE

Think ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (34) ◽  
pp. 33-56
Author(s):  
Matthew Carey Jordan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
Zero Sum ◽  
Hearts And Minds ◽  
Successes And Failures

This essay is about liberal and conservative views of marriage. I'll begin by mentioning that I would really, really like to avoid use of the terms ‘liberal’ and ‘conservative’, but when push comes to shove, I know of no better labels for the positions that will be discussed in what follows. I would like to avoid these labels for a simple reason: many people strongly self-identify as liberals or as conservatives, and this can undermine our ability to investigate the topic in a sane, rational way. Politics, at least in the contemporary English-speaking world, functions a lot like the world of sports. Many people have a particular team to which their allegiance has been pledged, and the team's successes and failures on the field are shared in the hearts and minds of its loyal followers. In my own case – and here, I ask for your pity – I am a fan of the National Football League's Cleveland Browns. As much as I might wish things were otherwise, I rejoice in the Browns' (rare) triumphs and suffer when they lose (which happens frequently). I do not wait to see what happens in the game before I decide which team to cheer for; if it's an NFL game, and I see orange and brown, I know where my allegiance lies. Furthermore, I identify with my fellow Browns fans in a way that I cannot identify with followers of, say, the Pittsburgh Steelers. Clevelanders are my people. We share something, and what we share unites us in opposition to Steeler Nation. Their victories are our defeats. It is a zero-sum game: for one of us to win, the other must lose.

Common Mistakes in Delivering Cybersecurity Awareness

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Joshua Crumbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Real World ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Security Awareness ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Data Breaches ◽  
The World ◽  
Gain Access ◽  
Successes And Failures

Human error is the cause of over 95% of data breaches and the weakest aspect of cybersecurity in nearly all organizations. These errors guarantee that hackers can easily gain access to almost any network in the world and take complete control of systems, data, and more. This chapter outlines the top mistakes organizations make in security awareness and why most companies are failing to properly prepare their users for cyber-attacks. Each point is accompanied by actionable data derived from real-world training program successes and failures.

Lessons for Assistance to Iraqi Libraries Derived from Similar Efforts to Assist Bosnian Libraries after the 1992-1996 War

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-39
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Spurr
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
The State ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Successes And Failures

The building of a library is a fundamental gesture of hope, if not in the perfectibility of humankind, at least in its mission to affirm and make accessible the legacy of scholars, researchers and creative minds of the past and present and the capacity of that legacy to guide and inspire the future, and thus to advance the prospects of all individuals and society as a whole. No serious education – particularly higher education – is possible without adequate libraries. Those who do not have such access for whatever reason are condemned to the most limited purchase on the possibilities the world has to offer. This essay addresses the fate of Bosnian libraries, efforts to ameliorate their condition, successes and failures in that regard, and reflections upon the state of similar institutions in Iraq and current efforts to address their plight, following a few thoughts concerning libraries and politics.

THE DEATH OF A CONSUMER SOCIETY

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 211-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Basic Needs ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Consumer Activism ◽  
Consumer Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
Successes And Failures

ABSTRACTThis paper argues that the meaning of consumer society has changed over the last half century, principally through the prioritisation of choice over access. It does this through an examination of the global consumer movement and a consideration of its successes and failures. It demonstrates that through the movement's own tactics, and the defeats it suffered by opponents of regulation, its earlier emphasis on the right of consumers to enjoy basic needs has given way to a greater focus on choice. Consequently, the changing fortunes of consumer activism around the world both reflect and explain the reorientation of global consumer society over the last few decades.

Pius XI's Promotion of the Italian Model of Catholic Action in the World-Wide Church

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 758-784
Author(s):  
JOHN POLLARD
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Catholic Action ◽  
The World ◽  
Italian Model ◽  
The Church ◽  
Successes And Failures

During his pontificate, Pius xi (1922–39) vigorously promoted the ‘export’ of the Italian model of Catholic Action to the rest of the Church as the organisational blueprint for Catholic lay activism, particularly in the battle against atheistic Communism. He was assisted by Mgr, later Cardinal, Giuseppe Pizzardo, the head of Italian Catholic Action. The successes and failures of this campaign are tracked through documents available since the opening of the files of the apostolic nunciatures and delegations and the Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs section of the Secretariat of State for Pius xi's pontificate in the Vatican Archives.

scholarly journals A Case Study Analysis Informing A Set Of Recommendations For The Successful Implementation of Carbon Pricing Instruments For Toronto, Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Brown
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Study Analysis ◽  
Carbon Pricing ◽  
Municipal Governments ◽  
Case Study Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
The City ◽  
Successes And Failures

This paper provides a set of recommendations for how the City of Toronto can implement a successful carbon pricing instrument highlighting the importance of Municipal Governments in combating climate change. Through examining the successes and failures of 4 other cities around the world that have enacted carbon pricing instruments a set of criteria has been created. This set of criteria informs 4 specific recommendations for the City of Toronto.

scholarly journals Sights, Sounds, Memories: South African Soldier Experiences of the Second World War

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Human Spirit ◽  
The World ◽  
Second World ◽  
Successes And Failures

The Second World War involved most of the countries of the world and left so many millions dead and maimed, disorganised and devastated through personal and communal loss. This book recovers some of South Africa’s soldiers’ experiences from the physical and mental debris of the war. Individuals are important; their lives – used as lenses – give us colour and texture, and their voices tell the stories of ordinary soldiers. Using their memoirs and diaries, the vitality of their endeavours is reasserted, their successes and failures, victories and indecencies are re-examined, and their magnanimity and the general triumph of the human spirit are celebrated.

scholarly journals “The Substance of Things Hoped for”: Peter Gordon White and the New Curriculum of The United Church of Canada1

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Bradley-St-Cyr
Keyword(s):  
Publishing House ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Bible Study ◽  
United Church Of Canada ◽  
Financial Problems ◽  
The World ◽  
New Curriculum ◽  
The Church ◽  
Huge Investment ◽  
Successes And Failures

For the United Church of Canada, the “New Curriculum” achieved its main objective of renewing bible study for all age groups, with the added bonus of gaining publicity for the church itself. However, the massive project took a huge investment that was neither properly funded nor ultimately realized. The editor-in-chief, Peter Gordon White, unjustly blamed himself for the problems that resulted; however, the project was extremely well managed and produced on schedule. Nor did the calls to burn the New Curriculum due to its overtly modernist biblical interpretations directly cause financial problems. Instead, it was almost universally adopted by United Churches across the country. The problems arose mainly from a disconnect between the world the New Curriculum was conceived in (1950s) and the world it was launched into (1960s). This paper explores the New Curriculum’s successes and failures, and its contribution to the downfall of Canada’s largest publishing house, The Ryerson Press.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document