Kuwaiti Women at a Crossroads: Privileged Development and the Constraints of Ethnic Stratification

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anh Nga Longva
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
World War ◽  
Ethnic Stratification ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Traditional Norms

As elsewhere in the developing world, the Arabian peninsula has undergone sweeping changes since World War II, with the important difference that the process here has been blessed with unprecedented prosperity and not marred by economic difficulties. To say that the effects of modernization upon the local societies differ as a result from what can be observed in other countries would be to state the obvious. Yet, when it comes to understanding the position and status of contemporary women in the Arabian oil producing countries, prosperity and the particular circumstances around it are rarely considered as crucial variables. The women's situation often is evaluated, mainly if not exclusively, in light of the religious injunctions and traditional norms that govern the female condition in a Middle East that, by the same token, appears curiously monolithic and timeless. There seems to be an assumption that Arabian women are not part of the societies in which they live, and that, by virtue of some unique cultural principle, their condition remains unaffected by the vectors of change that have turned upside down all the other areas of life around them. Hence the general tendency to assess women's opportunities and constraints in terms of what the Qurʾan and Islamic tradition dictate, not in terms of secular and more immediate concerns they may share with the rest of the society. Aside from assuming a spurious dichotomy between the women and their societies, such an approach disregards the historical and material specificity of particular areas in the Muslim world. It also arbitrarily and a priori defines the character of the meeting between “Islamic tradition” and “modernity,” instead of leaving it open to empirical investigation.

An ‘Age of Commerce’ in Southeast Asian History

1990 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Reid
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Economic History ◽  
External Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Asian History

Since the end of World War II the study of Southeast Asia has changed unrecognizably. The often bitter end of colonialism caused a sharp break with older scholarly traditions, and their tendency to see Southeast Asia as a receptacle for external influences—first Indian, Persian, Islamic or Chinese, later European. The greatest gain over the past forty years has probably been a much increased sensitivity to the cultural distinctiveness of Southeast Asia both as a whole and in its parts. If there has been a loss, on the other hand, it has been the failure of economic history to advance beyond the work of the generation of Furnivall, van Leur, Schrieke and Boeke. Perhaps because economic factors were difficult to disentangle from external factors they were seen by very few Southeast Asianists as the major challenge.

The Other Price of Hitler's War: German Military and Civilian Losses Resulting from World War II

1987 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 376
Author(s):  
Holger H. Herwig ◽  
Martin K. Sorge
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War

After World War II

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Mayhew
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Economic Planning ◽  
Transnational History ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
Demographic Patterns

This chapter considers three impulses of the post-World War II era. Two of them deal with the economy, bracketing its course from an inspiration flowing out of the war through an ideological and policy retake a generation later. The other impulse covers one of the major developments of American, not to mention transnational, history—the civil rights revolution of those times. In the three impulses detailed here, economic planning devices, energy supply, the cities, travel, infrastructure, the tax code, industrial structure, the workplace, immigration, demographic patterns, the electorate, rights standards, and relations among the races, gained lasting imprints from U.S. government participation, among others.

scholarly journals A history of the city written in a map – cartography as the mirror of socio-political events in Gdańsk in the years of 1918–1939

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Bień
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Political Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> A cartographic map of Gdańsk in the years of 1918&amp;ndash;1939 was very different from the other maps of Polish cities. The reasons for some differences were, among others, the proximity of the sea, the multicultural mindset of the inhabitants of Gdańsk from that period, and some historical events in the interwar period (the founding of the Free City of Gdańsk and the events preceding World War II). Its uniqueness came from the fact that the city of Gdańsk combined the styles of Prussian and Polish housing, as well as form the fact that its inhabitants felt the need for autonomy from the Second Polish Republic. The city aspired to be politically, socially and economically independent.</p><p>The aim of my presentation is to analyze the cartographic maps of Gdańsk, including the changes that had been made in the years of 1918&amp;ndash;1939. I will also comment on the reasons of those changes, on their socio-historical effects on the city, the whole country and Europe.</p>

scholarly journals Genre, Computation, and the Varieties of Twentieth-Century U.S. Fiction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Wilkens
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Fiction ◽  
Contemporary Fiction ◽  
World War ◽  
Detective Story ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Textual Content

Is "literary fiction" a useful genre label in the post-World War II United States? In some sense, the answer is obviously yes; there are sections marked "literary fiction" on Amazon, in bookstores, and on Goodreads, all of which contain many postwar and contemporary titles. Much of what is taught in contemporary fiction classes also falls under the heading of literary fiction, even if that label isn't always used explicitly. On the other hand, literary fiction, if it hangs together at all, may be defined as much by its (or its consumers') resistance to genre as by its positive textual content. That is, where conventional genres like the detective story or the erotic romance are recognizable by the presence of certain character types, plot events, and narrative styles, it is difficult to find any broadly agreeable set of such features by which literary fiction might be consistently identified.

scholarly journals Field Experiments in Class Size from the Early Twentieth Century

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonah Rockoff
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Mixed Messages

A vast majority of adults believe that class size reductions are a good way to improve the quality of public schools. Reviews of the research literature, on the other hand, have provided mixed messages on the degree to which class size matters for student achievement. Here I will discuss a substantial, but overlooked, body of experimental work on class size that developed prior to World War II. These field experiments did not have the benefit of modern econometrics, and only a few were done on a reasonably large scale. However, they often used careful empirical designs, and the collective magnitude of this body of work is considerable. Moreover, this research produced little evidence to suggest that students learn more in smaller classes, which stands in contrast to some, though not all, of the most recent work by economists. In this essay, I provide an overview of the scope and breadth of the field experiments in class size conducted prior to World War II, the motivations behind them, and how their experimental designs were crafted to deal with perceived sources of bias. I discuss how one might interpret the findings of these early experimental results alongside more recent research.

George Rochberg's Road to Ars Combinatoria, 1943–63

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-150
Author(s):  
AMY LYNN WLODARSKI
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
The Road ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Ethical Conflicts ◽  
George Rochberg ◽  
Cumulative Process ◽  
Ethical Criteria

AbstractGeorge Rochberg often attributed his postmodern shift to the death of his son in 1964. Accordingly, the literature has described his practice of ars combinatoria (“art of combination”) as an “abrupt about-face”—a sudden rejection of modernist aesthetics. But the composer's unpublished essays, diaries, correspondence, and musical sketchbooks suggest that the road to ars combinatoria had well-laid roots in two of his least considered biographical periods: his service during World War II and his serial period. During these two decades, Rochberg actively sought positive models for humanistic composition, historical figures who rose to the level of musical heroes in that they served humanity through their art. But as the war had taught him, heroes are necessarily defined by their struggle against nemeses in ethical conflicts. Correspondingly, he constructed the other side of the artistic world as a realm of vain egoists who sought self-promotion and seemed unconcerned with humanistic modes of expression. As his ideas matured, Rochberg assigned different figures to these archetypes, but the guiding ethical criteria remained fairly consistent throughout. I therefore argue that ars combinatoria was less a sudden aesthetic reversal than it was the result of a longer cumulative process of self-assessment and compositional maturation.

The Invisible Other

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Vetter
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Existential Psychology ◽  
World War ◽  
Freudian Psychoanalysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Other Woman

Chapter 8 turns to the figure of the spy, a recurrent trope of her 1956 novel Magic Mirror and the accompanying memoir Compassionate Friendship. If the “other woman” is predicated on a position of alterity, the therapist-spy feigns an identification—and an empathetic connection—that does not in fact exist. At the level of the private sphere, H.D. uses espionage as a mode of critiquing Freudian psychoanalysis, offering in its stead the short-lived existential psychology, a movement which grew out of the trauma of World War II and emphasized an empathetic rather than transferential model of therapy. Shifting outward to the public sphere, her analysis of the figure of the spy becomes an examination of the politics of nationalism.

Bonds and Barriers

2021 ◽  
pp. 260-294
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Guglielmo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
National Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
World War ◽  
Enlisted Personnel ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Chapter 7 follows nonblack minorities through their training and service in the United States. America’s World War II military, from its top leaders to its enlisted personnel, simultaneously built and blurred a white-nonwhite divide alongside its black-white one. On the one hand, the blurring stemmed from a host of factors, including the day-to-day intermingling of troops, the activism of nonblack minorities, and, paradoxically, the unifying power of the black-white divide among nonblacks. On the other hand, this blurring had its limits. White-nonwhite lines cropped up in some of the same places black-white ones did and in some different ones, too, especially those related to national security and Japanese Americans. In the end, these lines remained in place throughout the war years, despite continuous blurring. They did so in part because of these racialized national security concerns and because of the power of civilian racist practices and investments.

Intermezzo

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subrata Dasgupta
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
A Priori ◽  
World War ◽  
Structure Of Scientific Revolutions ◽  
Scientific Context ◽  
Computational Paradigm ◽  
Doctoral Work ◽  
Mature Science ◽  
Dominant Paradigm

By the end of World War II, independent of one another (and sometimes in mutual ignorance), a small assortment of highly creative minds—mathematicians, engineers, physicists, astronomers, and even an actuary, some working in solitary mode, some in twos or threes, others in small teams, some backed by corporations, others by governments, many driven by the imperative of war—had developed a shadowy shape of what the elusive Holy Grail of automatic computing might look like. They may not have been able to define a priori the nature of this entity, but they were beginning to grasp how they might recognize it when they saw it. Which brings us to the nature of a computational paradigm. Ever since the historian and philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn (1922–1996) published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), we have all become ultraconscious of the concept and significance of the paradigm, not just in the scientific context (with which Kuhn was concerned), but in all intellectual and cultural discourse. A paradigm is a complex network of theories, models, procedures and practices, exemplars, and philosophical assumptions and values that establishes a framework within which scientists in a given field identify and solve problems. A paradigm, in effect, defines a community of scientists; it determines their shared working culture as scientists in a branch of science and a shared mentality. A hallmark of a mature science, according to Kuhn, is the emergence of a dominant paradigm to which a majority of scientists in that field of science adhere and broadly, although not necessarily in detail, agree on. In particular, they agree on the fundamental philosophical assumptions and values that oversee the science in question; its methods of experimental and analytical inquiry; and its major theories, laws, and principles. A scientist “grows up” inside a paradigm, beginning from his earliest formal training in a science in high school, through undergraduate and graduate schools, through doctoral work into postdoctoral days. Scientists nurtured within and by a paradigm more or less speak the same language, understand the same terms, and read the same texts (which codify the paradigm).

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