International Civil Aviation Organization

1962 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-224 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
International Civil Aviation Organization ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
To Come ◽  
Article 50

The first extraordinary session of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Assembly was convened at headquarters in Montreal from June 19 to 21, 1961, at the request of twelve of the contracting states, to consider increasing the size of the ICAO Council. The delegate of the United Kingdom proposed a change in article 50(a) of the ICAO convention to provide for 27 members of the ICAO Council instead of 21, and delegates of Venezuela, Cameroun, and South Africa immediately supported the increase. Among arguments advanced for expanding the Council were the following: 1) a Council of 21 no longer adequately represented the membership of the organization, which had reached 86; 2) adequate geographic representation was of paramount importance since international routes covered most of the world; 3) the increase would facilitate the participation in the Council's work of the more than twenty states that had achieved independence in the past few years; 4) the practice of holding an Assembly session only every three years placed greater responsibilities on the Council; and 5) all the specialized agencies except ICAO and the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization had increased the size of their executive bodies. Although there was some debate as to whether the increase ought to be to 25 or 27 members, the United Kingdom motion for the latter number prevailed, along with a proposal sponsored by the Italian and Venezuelan delegations stating that it was highly desirable for the amendment to the convention to come into force before the next Assembly session. Consequently, all contracting states to the convention were urged to ratify the amendment as soon as possible.

Chapter II. the World Overseas

1966 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 23-35
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Rates Of Growth

There was some slowing down of the growth of industrial production as a whole during the summer months though the overall tendency continues firmly upwards (table 13).France, Italy and Japan are still expanding rapidly, though in the case of France not so rapidly as in the past. In most other countries, apart perhaps from Norway, rates of growth are declining. The United Kingdom is the most prominent of this group, but the slowdown in Germany is becoming quite marked.

The research work of Glaxo Laboratories Limited

1957 ◽  
Vol 146 (923) ◽  
pp. 181-193
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
The World ◽  
Manufacturing Facilities

Before considering its research activities, the Company, and more particularly, lie nature of its business must be described, for this determines the field of its; Research. Glaxo Laboratories Limited has its headquarters at Greenford, Middlesex, and as, in addition to the factory at Greenford, five other factories in the United Kingdom, at Ulverston, Barnard Castle, Montrose, Driffield and Uxbridge. The company has also Subsidiary Companies in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Cuba, Eire, India, Italy, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa and Uruguay, most of them with manufacturing facilities. The products of the Company are therefore known throughout most of the world.

Epilogue Brexit: Past, Present, Future

2020 ◽  
pp. 307-328
Author(s):  
Robert Schütze
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Trade Relationship ◽  
Article 50

This epilogue discusses the past, present, and future of the British exit (‘Brexit’) from the European Union. It begins by offering a brief historical overview of the past tensions between the United Kingdom and the European Union in an attempt to better explain the ‘special’ unease with which the United Kingdom viewed European integration. A former imperial and global power, its political self-understanding indeed differed from the very beginning from that of other Member States. The chapter then explores the ‘present’ withdrawal process under Article 50 TEU and the ‘Withdrawal Agreement’. It also analyses four possible EU–UK trade relationship options. Will both parties decide to create a common customs union or will they conclude a ‘Canada Plus’ agreement? A future trade deal is currently being negotiated; yet the option of a ‘hard’ Brexit remains.

The British Library's International Engagement Strategy

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Stephens
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
British Library ◽  
National Library ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Activity ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
International Engagement ◽  
Corporate Level

The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and one of the greatest libraries in the world. It is also most emphatically a library for the world. Its collections can be said to contain both ‘the memory of the nation’ and also ‘the DNA of civilization’. Indeed the Library uses the positioning statement: ‘Advancing the world's knowledge’. The Library engages in international activity in a wide variety of ways and at all levels through the organization. However, prior to 2007 the Library had not had a systematic corporate-level focus for its international engagement activity. This paper addresses the British Library's International Engagement Strategy and sets out the contextual background that led to its development and adoption in 2007. It goes on to describe, by using a number of case studies, the range of international activity taken forward by the Library under this strategy in the past two years. These include the Library's support for the reconstruction of the Iraq National Library and Archive and its contribution to the World Collections Programme initiative.

International Civil Aviation Organization

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Federal Republic ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
International Civil Aviation Organization ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Made In

The ninth session of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Assembly was held in Montreal from May 31 through June 13, 1955.1 Representatives from 53 contracting states, and observers from the Federal Republic of Germany, the UN, and the International Labor Organization were present at the session at which Brigadier C. Stephen Booth (Canada) was elected President. Following statements by various delegations, the delegates considered the provisional agenda consisting of eighteen items; the first seventeen were adopted without discussion, but a debate developed on the last item, sponsored by the United Kingdom, which proposed that various amendments involving changes in the higher direction of ICAO be made in the ICAO Convention. It was pointed out that if this item were included in the agenda, Rule 10 (d) requiring that proposals for an amendment to the Convention be submitted to member states at least 90 days before the opening of the session would have to be suspended. The United Kingdom representative declared that his delegation was more interested in having a review of the future organization and methods of ICAO take place than in proposing specific amendments to the Convention; therefore, if it were the general wish of the delegates, he would withdraw his request for the discussion of specific amendments on the understanding that the Assembly would take up such a review under the agenda item dealing with the working methods of the Council. This proposal was unanimously adopted by the Assembly, after which the Assembly unanimously approved a proposal of France, the United Kingdom and United States to add the following item to the agenda: “The application of the Federal Republic of Germany for membership in the Organization”.

International Civil Aviation Organization

1953 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-140
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
International Civil Aviation Organization ◽  
French Government ◽  
Finance Committee ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Air Navigation Services ◽  
European Mediterranean Region

The seventeenth session of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization opened in Montreal on September 9, 1952 and concluded on December 5. The Council sanctioned the holding of a special frequency meeting to consider certain problems associated with frequency assignments in the European-Mediterranean region in Paris in October and decided that the first ICAO Air Navigation Conference should be convened in Montreal in February 1953. After discussion and exchange of views, the draft agenda for the 1953 ICAO Assembly was referred to the Air Navigation Commission, the Air Trans-port Committee, the Finance Committee, and the Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services for their consideration and report. After withdrawal by the French government of its invitation to hold the seventh session of the Assembly in France, the Council accepted the invitation of the United Kingdom and decided to hold the seventh session in Brighton, England, opening on June 16, 1953.

scholarly journals Multiplex qPCR discriminates variants of concern to enhance global surveillance of SARS-CoV-2

PLoS Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. e3001236
Author(s):  
Chantal B. F. Vogels ◽  
Mallery I. Breban ◽  
Isabel M. Ott ◽  
Tara Alpert ◽  
Mary E. Petrone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Primary Target ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Gene Target ◽  
Spike Gene ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World

With the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants that may increase transmissibility and/or cause escape from immune responses, there is an urgent need for the targeted surveillance of circulating lineages. It was found that the B.1.1.7 (also 501Y.V1) variant, first detected in the United Kingdom, could be serendipitously detected by the Thermo Fisher TaqPath Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) PCR assay because a key deletion in these viruses, spike Δ69–70, would cause a “spike gene target failure” (SGTF) result. However, a SGTF result is not definitive for B.1.1.7, and this assay cannot detect other variants of concern (VOC) that lack spike Δ69–70, such as B.1.351 (also 501Y.V2), detected in South Africa, and P.1 (also 501Y.V3), recently detected in Brazil. We identified a deletion in the ORF1a gene (ORF1a Δ3675–3677) in all 3 variants, which has not yet been widely detected in other SARS-CoV-2 lineages. Using ORF1a Δ3675–3677 as the primary target and spike Δ69–70 to differentiate, we designed and validated an open-source PCR assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 VOC. Our assay can be rapidly deployed in laboratories around the world to enhance surveillance for the local emergence and spread of B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1.

Pre-Strike Ballots in Comparative Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-89
Author(s):  
Breen Creighton ◽  
Catrina Denvir ◽  
Richard Johnstone ◽  
Shae McCrystal ◽  
Alice Orchiston
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Light Touch ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
The World ◽  
Formal Requirements

Chapter 3 contains a comparative review of pre-strike ballot requirements, describing the principal forms adopted around the world. It demonstrates that pre-strike ballot requirements can range from ‘light touch’ regulation specifying that union rules must contain provisions requiring the conduct of pre-strike ballots but attaching almost no consequence to failure to do so, through to highly prescriptive requirements which can have the effect of making it exceedingly difficult lawfully to take strike action. Chapter 3 then examines in detail the pre-strike ballot requirements that have been adopted in four jurisdictions: the United States, where there are no formal pre-strike ballot requirements; South Africa, where formerly stringent ballot requirements were replaced by light touch regulation in 1995; Canada, where there are formal requirements for the conduct of pre-strike ballots, but where they appear to be of only very marginal inconvenience to trade unions; and the United Kingdom which has adopted exceedingly complex provisions which betoken an almost obsessive desire to regulate the circumstances and manner in which strike action can lawfully be taken. The chapter also points to the case of Australia, which has adopted an approach that is, in many respects, similar to that of the United Kingdom—albeit with some significant differences. The similarities are such that the detailed study of the operation of the Australian provision affords many insights into the operation of the British provisions, and into the role of law as a means of regulating industrial behaviour more generally.

scholarly journals The Political Consequences of Brexit for the United Kingdom and the European Union

SEEU Review ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-43
Author(s):  
Viona Rashica
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Voluntary Withdrawal ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Article 50 ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The date 23 June 2016 brought in front of the United Kingdom and the European Union a very serious challenge named Brexit. In the June 23, 2016 referendum, the British voted to leave one of the most unique international organizations in the world, thus putting the EU in front of the UK’s request for the activation of Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, which the EU is facing for the first time. Brexit is opening new chapters in the history of the UK, while the EU is engaging with the procedures of the voluntary withdrawal of an important member state, which is known about its high political and military role in the world. Some experts of international relations and European studies say that Brexit will have much more consequences for the UK, some for the EU, but truth is that Brexit will be accompanied with many consequences for both of its protagonists. Its risks are very serious so they may result with the dissolution of the UK. Meanwhile, the increase of euroscepticism within the EU’s member states, with particular emphasis the presence of Eurosceptic voices in its most important members is at a very worrying level. Based on these facts, the knowledge about the real meaning of Brexit is necessary. Therefore, the main focus of this research lies in the classification of the main political consequences of Brexit for the UK and the EU.

20. Epilogue

2021 ◽  
pp. 907-948
Author(s):  
Robert Schütze
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Article 50 ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the past, present, and future of Brexit. It begins by offering a historical overview of British membership in the Union. With its commitment to European integration often selective, the United Kingdom had come to be seen as an ‘awkward partner’ within the European Union. The chapter then looks at the process of withdrawal and, in particular, the nature and content of Article 50 TEU—the provision that regulates the process. Subsequently, it analyses the post-Brexit Withdrawal Agreement that governs the relationship between the European Union and the United Kingdom today. Finally, the chapter tries to look into the future and discusses the prospective partnership options that have been on the diplomatic table for the post-2020 economic relations between the European Union and the United Kingdom.

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