International Refugee Organization

1951 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-211
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Director General ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
New Applications ◽  
Supplementary Report

In the annual report covering the period July 1, 1949 to June 30, 1950, J. Donald Kingsley, the Director-General of IRO, stated that the organization began the year covered in the report with a total caseload of 694,823 refugees and at the end of June 1950 the total caseload had been reduced to 539,579 refugees; the over-all reduction resulted from 4,759 refugees who had been repatriated and the 264,078 refugees who had been resettled. The reductions, however, were offset by 195,950 new registrations, many of which came as a result of the announcement of the cut-off date for new applications for assistance (August 31, 1949). Mr. Kingsley reported that the resettlement program had not progressed as rapidly as had been expected and that final figures had fallen short of the estimated 343,000 because: western Europe which had absorbed large numbers in the past was unable to accept any further large labor resettlement; the volume of visa issuance for the United States had declined; and the anticipated curtailment of the Australian scheme for resettlement had become a reality in the last quarter of the year. The Director-General made a supplementary report on August 30, 1950 in which he stated it was impossible for IRO to complete its work by March 31, 1951 and noted that the amended United States Displaced Persons Act had expanded resettlement opportunities by providing approximately 140,000 openings and admission to 54,000 Volkesdeutsche (persons of Germanic ethnic origin). At the request of the United States Displaced Persons Commission, IRO had undertaken to transport the Volkesdeutsche group to the United States on a reimbursable basis.

The Preservation of Chesapeake Bay Watercraft

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Baker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
The United States ◽  
Naval Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Sailing Yacht ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Naval Service ◽  
Maritime Heritage

The logo for this Third Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium, the profile of a rakish sailing log canoe superimposed on that of a modern racing sloop, vividly illustrates the difference between the past and the present. Some might say good riddance to the past but there are many good reasons for trying to preserve something of our maritime heritage, not only the larger vessels such as the whaler Charles w. Morgan and the U. S. Corvette Constellation, but the smaller working watercraft as well. Although the Constellation was built in the Bay region, she was designed as a normal ocean-going ship for naval service; she has none of the unique features of Bay naval architecture hence is outside of the scope of this paper. In the days of our grandfathers the Chesapeake Bay region was the home of a multitude of watercraft employed for a wide variety of pursuits from general freighting to crabbing. There were rams, pungies, schooners, sloops, bugeyes, brogans, canoes, bateaux, skiffs, and scows. Of the skiffs alone, it is said that fourteen different designs were recognized on the Bay. While large numbers of these working boats and vessels have disappeared, it is only on Chesapeake Bay, of all the waters of the United States, that a fair variety of local watercraft can be found. Here there is still a chance of preserving for posterity more than isolated examples.

Industrialization, Hubs, and Catch-up

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-161
Author(s):  
Deepak Nayyar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The World ◽  
Catch Up

This chapter analyses the striking changes in the geographical distribution of manufacturing production amongst countries and across continents since 1750, a period that spans more than two-and-a-half centuries, which could be described as the movement of industrial hubs in the world economy over time. Until around 1820, world manufacturing production was concentrated in China and India. The Industrial Revolution, followed by the advent of colonialism, led to deindustrialization in Asia and, by 1880, Britain became the world industrial hub that extended to northwestern Europe. The United States surpassed Britain in 1900, and was the dominant industrial hub in the world until 2000. During 1950 to 2000, the relative, though not absolute, importance of Western Europe diminished, and Japan emerged as a significant industrial hub, while the other new industrial hub, the USSR and Eastern Europe, was short lived. The early twenty-first century, 2000–2017, witnessed a rapid decline of the United States, Western Europe, and Japan as industrial hubs, to be replaced largely by Asia, particularly China. This process of shifting hubs, associated with industrialization in some countries and deindustrialization in other countries in the past, might be associated with premature deindustrialization in yet other countries in the future.

Problems involved in the cultivation of maize for fodder and ensilage. I. The choice of variety

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Bunting ◽  
L. A. Willey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
The Past ◽  
Maize Cultivation ◽  
Green Fodder ◽  
Western Germany

Since the introduction of silos and associated techniques of ensilage production in the late 1870's, maize has been the principal silage crop in the United States. Many British authorities agree that maize is a ‘splendid silage crop, highly nutritious, heavy yielding and easy to cut and handle’ (Bond, 1948, see also Watson & Smith, 1956; Woodman & Amos, 1944) but, nevertheless, it is very rarely grown in Britain for silage. In this country, as in most countries of Western Europe, the predominant aim of maize cultivation has been to produce succulent green fodder for direct feeding to animals during time of drought and consequent grass shortage. The acreage grown in England is small, but in Western Germany in 1955 there were about 100,000 acres of fodder maize (Becker, 1956), while in France, in 1954, the acreage exceeded 500,000 (Desroches, 1955). Recently in Western Europe considerable interest has been shown in the possibilities of maize as a silage crop, and within the past few years preliminary results have been reported from Holland (Becker, 1956; Anon. 1954, 1955); Denmark (Bagge & Hansen, 1956); Belgium (Lacroix, 1955; Ledent, 1955); Germany (Jungehulsing, 1955; Schell, 1954); France (Desroches, 1955), and Switzerland (Bachmann, 1952).

The special psychiatric problems of refugees

2012 ◽  
pp. 1493-1500
Author(s):  
Richard F. Mollica ◽  
Melissa A. Culhane ◽  
Daniel H. Hovelson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Psychiatric Evaluation ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World

While the forced displacement of people from their homes has been described since ancient times, the past half-century has witnessed an expansion in the size of refugee populations of extraordinary numbers. In 1970, for example, there were only 2.5 million refugees receiving international protection, primarily through the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR). By 2006, UNHCR was legally responsible for 8.4 million refugees. In addition, it is conservatively estimated that an additional 23.7 million people are displaced within the borders of their own countries. Although similar in characteristics to refugees who have crossed international borders, internally displaced persons do not receive the same protection of international law. Adding all refugee-type persons together, the world is forced to acknowledge the reality that over the past decade more than 10 000 people per day became refugees or internally displaced persons. The sheer magnitude of the global refugee crisis, the resettlement of large numbers of refugees in modern industrial nations such as Canada, the United States, Europe, and Australia, and the increased media attention to civil and ethnic conflict throughout the world has contributed to the medical and mental health issues of refugees becoming an issue of global concern. This chapter will focus on a comprehensive overview of the psychiatric evaluation and treatment of refugees and refugee communities. Although this mental health specialty is in its infancy, many scientific advances have been made that can facilitate the successful psychiatric care of refugee patients.

Deterrence, Defense, and Disengagement

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn H. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
No Value ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
New Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Basic Position

Perhaps the central dilemma in national security policy is how to A reconcile the obvious potency of nuclear weapons for purposes of deterrence with their dubious utility as instruments of defense—i.e., for fighting a war at tolerable cost in case deterrence should fail. In prenuclear days, deterrence was more or less a function of an efficient capacity for defense, but with the new technology deterrence may be accomplished with capabilities and threats that do not correspond to the capabilities and strategies most suitable for rational military action. This dichotomy forms the leading theme of Deterrent or Defense, by Captain B. H. Liddell Hart, one of Britain's leading military analysts. The book is a collection of articles written mostly during the past three or four years, and concerned chiefly with military problems of NATO. As in many books of this sort, the articles overlap to some extent and are not always consistent. Leaving aside the inconsistencies for the moment, Liddell Hart's basic position can be stated briefly. Strategic nuclear airpower is useful for deterring an all-out nuclear attack on the United States or a full-scale conventional assault on Western Europe. But it has no value whatever for purposes of defense, because the inevitable result of the actual use of such weapons is simply “mutual suicide.” Even though it would be “lunacy” for the United States to initiate thermonuclear war in response to a Soviet attack in Europe, the Russians' fear of such a response probably is still strong enough to deter them from all but limited actions. Hence, the major problem facing NATO is to develop an effective non-suicidal defense against limited aggression. The book's greatest merit lies in its contribution to the solution of this problem.

European Elite Attitudes Revisited: The Future of the European Community and European-American Relations

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Lieber
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Community ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
European American ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Unity ◽  
The Future

‘I don’t give a s— about the lira.‘These, as well as comparable sentiments about the pound sterling expressed by a recent U.S. President and preserved on tape for posterity, may symbolize a growing American lack of interest in Western Europe. In turn, European views of the United States may now be less exalted than at any time in the past three decades. In a period when misunderstandings, apocalyptic visions and contradictory judgements abound regarding the future of European unity and European-American relations, it is worth examining some evidence of recent European elite attitudes in order to facilitate more reliable judgementsor at least less impressionistic ones.

The Facilitation of Money Laundering Through Western Europe and the United States by Russian Organised Crime Groups

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-203
Author(s):  
Peter Johnstone ◽  
Mark Jones
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
The Past ◽  
Banking Structure ◽  
Organised Crime Groups

Over the past decade the Russian Mafia has established itself as capable of causing serious disruptions within the world's financial markets. Organised crime groups control a substantial number of the banks within Russia and as a consequence they are capable of infiltrating major sources of money supply and taking control of legitimate businesses, both foreign and domestic. Once an organised crime group has entered the banking structure, it can expand its operations by using the veneer of legitimacy provided by the bank as a source of utility for further criminal ventures. The laundering of illegal proceeds, both national and international, has now become one of the major activities conducted by Russian organised crime groups in the former Soviet Union.

THE SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE INTERPRETATION OF THE SOCIO-POLITICAL DOCTRINE OF LIBERALISM IN THE WESTERN EUROPEAN, AMERICAN AND RUSSIAN TRADITIONS IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES: COMMON AND SPECIAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
VADIM ZUBOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
European American ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Western European ◽  
The Right

The article strives to conceptualize the basic ideas of liberalism, free from political sensitivities, emotional judgments and naive simplifications based on different methods and techniques of political and historical science, as well as general scientific approaches - a comparative historical method, a normative approach, an institutional approach, and analytical and synthetic methods. Defects of the interpretation of liberalism in Russia - opposition of “liberals” and “patriots”, domestic perceptions of liberalism as freedom in family, sexual and gender life, reduction of liberalism to the specific historical direction of post-Soviet liberalism are revealed in the paper. Furthermore, the author draws attention to the misunderstanding of liberalism in the United States: one of them refers liberalism to the social democracy, the other equates liberalism with the totalitarian teachings. In the light of the incorrect perception of liberalism in the world, the author formulates the purpose of the work as overcoming the misjudgement of liberalism by overcoming the false appreciation of liberalism by forming a concentrated view of the fundamentals of liberal socio-political teachings based on the views of leading thinkers in Western Europe, the United States of America and Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries. Which contributed significantly to the development of the fundamentals of liberalism. Predicated on the analysis of the ideas of Western European, American, and Russian liberal thinkers of the past, the author identifies common and special features of the interpretation of liberalism in different parts of the world over two centuries. Finally, the author concludes that the main features of the original liberalism are the basic points of the classical liberalism of the past centuries are the following points: 1) intelligent people should have unconditional personal, political and economic rights independent of the state; 2) there must be a system in the state that promotes justice and limits the state itself; 3) all people have the right to form a state and influences it.

scholarly journals Immigration and the Legacies of the Past: The Impact of Slavery and the Holocaust on Contemporary Immigrants in the United States and Western Europe

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 798-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Foner ◽  
Richard Alba
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Institutional Responses ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

It is a basic truism that the past influences the present, but the key questions concernwhichpast andhowits impact occurs. In this paper we seek to understand how legacies of the past affect the pathways and experiences of contemporary immigrants. Our specific concern is with the present-day impact of two momentous historical ethno-racial traumas: the Holocaust in Western Europe, and slavery and ensuing legal segregation (“Jim Crow”) in the United States. At first blush, their legacies seem unrelated to immigration today, and these pasts are rarely central to discussions about it. But in fact memories of and institutional responses to the sins of the Nazi genocide, on the one hand, and of slavery and legal racial segregation, on the other, have played a role in shaping public perceptions and policies that affect contemporary immigrants and their children.

CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS FOOD POISONING1,2

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Large Numbers

Clostridium perfringens type A food poisoning in man is characterized by diarrhea and abdominal pain. The disease usually follows ingestion of food contaminated with large numbers of C. perfringens cells. During the past 3 to 5 years, the role of this organism in food poisoning incidents in the United States has acquired new emphasis as a result of the increasing number of reported outbreaks and the alarming number of cases associated with these outbreaks. In 1968, C. perfringens was responsible for approximately 28% of the food poisoning outbreaks and 49% of the cases, when compared with food poisoning caused by Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Shigella, and Clostridium botulinum. The majority of reported outbreaks and cases resulting from C. perfringens are associated with mass feeding establishments. The most common vehicles are beef and poultry products. The mode of action by which C. perfringens causes food poisoning symptoms is not fully understood. Control of this type of food poisoning must be concerned with prevention of spore germination and/or multiplication of the vegetative cells in cooked foods.

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