French ‘Islamic’ Policy and Practice in Late Nineteenth-Century Senegal

1988 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Sphere Of Influence

In contrast to the negative conclusions reached by Donal Cruise O'Brien, it is here argued that the French, in the last half of the nineteenth century, maintained an Islamic policy. They practised some of it all of the time and all of it when they had the human and financial resources. They consistently opposed the Islamic state where it conflicted with their own political and economic interests. They identified it with their old nemesis of Futa Toro and the Tokolor, and then with the Tijaniyya. This attitude can be contrasted with a much more tolerant disposition towards the established monarchies, with whom thay coexisted for a much longer time and upon whom they relied to supply the cadre of chiefs.In the case of Umar, the French confronted a jihad that was launched before they began their own expansion in the upper valley, but they contained its influence. They quarantined the Wolof areas and pushed the Umarian state to the margins of their sphere of influence. By allowing much of the younger generation of Tokolor to depart, they turned the preaching of hijra to their own advantage. The French opposed the efforts of Ma Bâ to move into the heart of the peanut basin and the campaigns of the Madiyankobe to block the river trade or disrupt cultivation in Cayor. As soon as Mamadu Lamin mobilized for jihad they responded by driving him out of their gateway to expansion.

Generational Conflict in the Umarian Movement after the Jihād: Perspectives from the Futanke Grain Trade at Medine

1990 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Generational Conflict ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Grain Trade ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Younger Generation

This article attempts to correct the stereotype which portrays the Futanke who joined in the jihād of al-ḥājj Umar Tal in western Mali as militant Muslim warriors who were not responsive to opportunities in production and trade. It shows that Futanke officials and settlers in the area of Jomboxo (southwestern Karta) responded quickly to the possibility of producing grain, on the land and with the slaves acquired during the jihad, and marketing it at the nearby river factory of Medine, where French officials and merchants, resident African traders and nomadic gum caravan leaders converged in a brisk commerce for three decades in the late nineteenth century. The grain sales were a response to strong demand from the desert-side economy and gum trade as well as to French needs for provisions. These emerging economic interests brought the settlers into conflict with Umarian officials and a younger generation of Futanke, recruited in the 1870s and 1880s and eager to wage war to accumulate wealth and establish their position. This social and generational cleavage hindered the effort to mobilize resistance against French encroachment and conquest.

Contemporary logomachies

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-76
Author(s):  
Marco Pinfari
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter continues with the line of argument presented in chapter 2 about the role of monster images in framing “terrorist” actors and about the recurrence of monster metaphors that not only convey their “otherness” but also, more forcefully, their resilience and unmanageability. The first paragraph presents the pseudo-scientific framing of anarchists in the late nineteenth century as half-human, half-feral uncontrollable brutes. The following section reviews the resort to religious and “cosmic war” imagery in framing “terrorist” groups as part of ethnonationalist conflicts, including the biblical “beasts” cited by Ian Paisley, the unmanageable yakku of Sinhalese folklore, and the resilient people of Amalek who fought the Israelites throughout most of their ancient history. The final paragraph introduces the concept of global jihad and discusses the reasons why Frankenstein’s monster and the hydra proved to be the most popular metaphors for describing both al-Qaeda and the Islamic State.

The Emergence of Politico-Religious Groupings in Late Nineteenth-Century Buganda

1988 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Twaddle
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
White Fathers ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Historical Writings

This article reconsiders the emergence of politico-religious groupings in the kingdom of Buganda in the late nineteenth century, in the light of historical writings and research since 1952. It accepts J. M. Waliggo's view that the Christian martyrdoms of the mid-1880s need to be taken seriously by secular historians as an influence upon later Christian fanaticism. However, the link to later fanaticism was only politically established during the course of the Ganda succession war of 1888–90, when Kalema's establishment of an Islamic state in Buganda prompted the creation of rival Protestant and Roman Catholic politico-religious groupings. The present writer therefore accepts the stress upon the strategic importance of the Ganda Christian martyrs in Roland Oliver's pioneering study of The Missionary Factor in East Africa but questions the view of Oliver (and subsequent historians) that European missionaries were primarily responsible for the emergence of political competition between Anglican and Roman Catholic Christians in Buganda. Nonetheless, when politico-religious groupings did emerge in the kingdom during the succession war of 1888–90, both C.M.S. missionaries and the White Fathers were most important in ensuring that the two rival politico-religious groupings did not abort themselves as a result of Ganda Christian chiefs indulging in inter-personal strife along other lines of cleavage. That, however, is largely a later story, to which Oliver's Missionary Factor still serves as the essential introduction.

Diphtheria in late-nineteenth-century Sweden: policy and practice

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Santé Publique ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Taux De Mortalité ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Sante Publique

Quoique le taux de mortalité général ne cesse de décliner pour l'ensemble de la Suède, après 1810, certains groupes d'ôge ne présentent pas ce modèle de comportement. La mortalité des enfants augmente en effet – particulièrement de 1 à 10 ans – après 1850. Cet accroissement est en partie attribué à des épidémies de diphtérie. Cet article s'attache à présenter la législation en matière de santé publique en Suède à cette époque, en particulier à l'egard des maladies infectieuses, et étudie deux villes, Sundsvall et Göteborg, qui furent l'objet de sévères épidémies de diphtérie. La législation imposait que soient présentés des rapports réguliers à l'administration centrale. Néanmoins, on voit varier d'une ville à l'autre aussi bien les dispositions prises pour les hôpitaux spécialisés dans les maladies infectieuses que les mesures d'isolation des malades contagieux et les modalités de désinfection des maisons touchées par l'épidémie ou plus tard le recours à des serum traitants. En conclusion nous posons la question de savoir si l'opinion publique s'est émue de cet accroissement de la mortalité enfantine.

Protestant Entrance and Christian Expansion (1840–1950)

2020 ◽  
pp. 468-493
Author(s):  
David W. Kling
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
China Inland Mission ◽  
Unequal Treaties ◽  
First Time ◽  
Christian Message

Beginning in the 1840s, Anglo-French gunboat diplomacy and “unequal treaties” forcibly opened China to European economic interests and, in so doing, introduced unprecedented opportunities for Christian expansion. Catholic missionaries and priests returned to nurture “Old Catholics” and plant new missions, and for the first time Protestants appeared on the scene with millennial hopes of reaching “China’s millions.” This chapter begins by giving general attention to reasons for the Chinese to reject or accept the Christian message. It then turns to specific discussions of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the China Inland Mission, “Pastor Xi” (Xi Liaozhi), and first-generation Fuzhou Protestants. It concludes with an examination of the views of American theological liberals who, beginning in the late nineteenth century, rejected the traditional Christian emphasis on the necessity of conversion.

Britain and American Railway Promoters In Late Nineteenth Century Persia

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-262
Author(s):  
John S. Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Weak State ◽  
New Era ◽  
Karun River ◽  
The North ◽  
Informal Empire ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Sphere Of Influence ◽  
Insight Into

Within the last generation there has been a vast outpouring of scholarship on the characteristics of British imperial policy in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The older orthodoxy that the mid-Victorian years were dominated by a commitment to laissez faire and free trade has been demolished. In the new era scholars quarrel over how “imperial” was “informal empire.” This article is not intended to add to this controversy, but rather to provide insight into the character of British policy in one area, Persia, during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, with particular emphasis on American efforts to build railways and British responses to this attempted intrusion into an exclusive British-Russian sphere of influence.For both Russia and Britain Persia had great strategic significance. Like Afghanistan, “the walls of the Indian garden,” Persia was important primarily in relation to the defense of the Indian Empire. Russian expansion to the borders of Persia, a weak state, posed the threat that the country would fall under Russian influence and what had been a buffer would become a menace.British interest in Persia thus involved a strong strategic component which affected economic policy. Unlike Afghanistan it was seen as a promising market for British goods, particularly if transportation to the interior of Persia could be opened up on the Karun River and if British capital could be attracted to build a network of railways which could be a further basis for controlling the Persian economy and thus contributing to British influence at the Persian court. At the same time Britain was determined to thwart Russian plans for railways in the north which could be used to transport troops to the borders of Persia and eventually beyond. Each power assumed the malevolent intent of the other and each was determined to frustrate these foul plans.

scholarly journals Swedish Education Exhibitions and Aesthetic Governing at World´'s Fairs in the Late Nineteenth Century

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-30
Author(s):  
Christian Lundahl
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Local Adaptations ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Regional Process ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Shed Light

For many historians of education, the emergence of a modern education system after the mid-nineteenth century was a national and regional process, neatly and carefully closed off within the borders of the nation. However, these accounts have often disregarded the effects of the flows of cross-border ideas and technologies, such as international comparisons, lesson-drawing, policy diffusion and travel, as well as local adaptations and translations of education policy originating elsewhere. The purpose of this article is to shed light on the relations between Swedish education and the international scene when it comes to policy and practice formation. The field of study is the international World´s Fairs of 1862–1904. Looking at what Sweden displayed, and understanding how visitors perceived it, the article raises questions concerning how exhibitions like these worked as mediators of educational ideals. The focus will be on the dissemination of aesthetic ideals, and the article will show that the World’s Fairs were platforms for an aesthetic normativity that had governing effects locally as well as globally.

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