Protestant Entrance and Christian Expansion (1840–1950)

2020 ◽  
pp. 468-493
Author(s):  
David W. Kling
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
China Inland Mission ◽  
Unequal Treaties ◽  
First Time ◽  
Christian Message

Beginning in the 1840s, Anglo-French gunboat diplomacy and “unequal treaties” forcibly opened China to European economic interests and, in so doing, introduced unprecedented opportunities for Christian expansion. Catholic missionaries and priests returned to nurture “Old Catholics” and plant new missions, and for the first time Protestants appeared on the scene with millennial hopes of reaching “China’s millions.” This chapter begins by giving general attention to reasons for the Chinese to reject or accept the Christian message. It then turns to specific discussions of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the China Inland Mission, “Pastor Xi” (Xi Liaozhi), and first-generation Fuzhou Protestants. It concludes with an examination of the views of American theological liberals who, beginning in the late nineteenth century, rejected the traditional Christian emphasis on the necessity of conversion.

‘We must send you a sample’—a Persian–European dialogue: insights into late nineteenth-century ceramic technology based on chemical analysis of tiles from the Ettehadieh house complex, Tehran, Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moujan Matin ◽  
Mohammad Gholamnejad ◽  
Ali Nemati Abkenar
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Production Technology ◽  
Chemical Study ◽  
Ceramic Technology ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Technological Information ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time

This paper focuses on the production technology of late nineteenth-century tiles from the Ettehadieh House Complex in Tehran, Iran. It makes use of the opportunity to provide for the first time the results of chemical and microstructural analyses of late nineteenth-century tiles selected directly from context and with known provenance. The paper integrates the results of chemical study of the Ettehadieh tiles with other available technological information on nineteenth-century Persian tiles, including chemical analyses of signed tiles and samples of pigments, as well as the study of the treatise of a certain Persian potter, ‘Ali Mohammad Isfahani, to suggest processes of materials procurement and manufacture. These processes are used as evidence to discuss trade and technological interactions between Iran and Europe in the nineteenth century.

Entrepreneurial Traditionalism in Nineteenth-Century France: A Study of the Patronage industriel des enfants de l'ébénisterie

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 548-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Shai Weissbach
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Furniture Industry ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Entrepreneurial Attitudes ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time

The late nineteenth century was a critical epoch in the history of French industry. During this period, many French industrialists adopted, for the first time, entrepreneurial attitudes towards business. At the same time, however, traditional skilled trades continued to play an important role in the national economy. In this article, Professor Weissbach explores the attitudes and practices of nineteenth-century entrepreneurs in the French luxury trade. By focusing specifically on the Patronage industriel des enfants de l'ébénisterie—an organization established to assist, educate, and moralize children apprentices in the French furniture industry—Weissbach reveals that traditional and entrepreneurial attitudes and practices coexisted throughout the nineteenth century.

Cuban Painting at the Turn of the Century (1902–1930)

2019 ◽  
pp. 70-81
Author(s):  
Anelys Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Art historian Anelys Alvarez reviews the tumultuous first three decades of the Cuban Republic (1902–30) and their impact on painting and other visual arts such as sculpture. First, she questions the conventional dichotomy between traditional (or academic) and avant-garde (or modernist) art in Cuba during this period. She then recovers several forgotten artists, such as Antonio Rodríguez Morey, María Capdevila, and Manuel Mesa, who were active on the island before the rise of modernism in the 1930s. Alvarez reappraises a whole generation of painters who served as an artistic bridge between the late nineteenth century and the first generation of avant-garde (vanguardista) painters in 1927.

Conveying Ćeif: Three Croatian Folklore and Folklife Writings on Bosniak Coffee Culture

Folklorica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Dorian Jurić
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time ◽  
By Products

This article presents three short passages describing coffee and coffeehouse culture among Bosnian and Herzegovinian Muslims in the late nineteenth century. These texts are drawn from manuscripts collected by lay, Croatian folklore and folklife collectors who submitted them to two early collecting projects in Zagreb. The pieces are translated here for the first time into English and placed into historical and cultural context regarding the history of coffee culture in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the wider Ottoman Empire as well as the politics of folklore collection at the time. By using the Pan-Ottoman concept of ćeif as a theoretical lens, I argue that these early folklorists produced impressive folklife accounts of Bosniak foodways, but that these depictions inevitably enfolded both genuine interest and negative by-products of the wider politics of their era.

Generational Conflict in the Umarian Movement after the Jihād: Perspectives from the Futanke Grain Trade at Medine

1990 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Generational Conflict ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Grain Trade ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Younger Generation

This article attempts to correct the stereotype which portrays the Futanke who joined in the jihād of al-ḥājj Umar Tal in western Mali as militant Muslim warriors who were not responsive to opportunities in production and trade. It shows that Futanke officials and settlers in the area of Jomboxo (southwestern Karta) responded quickly to the possibility of producing grain, on the land and with the slaves acquired during the jihad, and marketing it at the nearby river factory of Medine, where French officials and merchants, resident African traders and nomadic gum caravan leaders converged in a brisk commerce for three decades in the late nineteenth century. The grain sales were a response to strong demand from the desert-side economy and gum trade as well as to French needs for provisions. These emerging economic interests brought the settlers into conflict with Umarian officials and a younger generation of Futanke, recruited in the 1870s and 1880s and eager to wage war to accumulate wealth and establish their position. This social and generational cleavage hindered the effort to mobilize resistance against French encroachment and conquest.

The International Religious Network of Yun Chi-ho (1865–1965: Mission or Dialogue?

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 228-235
Author(s):  
Shin Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Medical Missionary ◽  
Christian Message

For five hundred years (1392–1910, Neo-Confucianism had been the state religion in Korea before Christianity was transmitted by Western missionaries. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, French Catholic missionaries taught the Christian message without permission, resulting in severe persecution by the Korean rulers. But during the late nineteenth century American Protestant missionaries secured permission from the Korean king and started educational and medical missionary work, rather than engaging in direct evangelical activity.

scholarly journals "strident effects of instant sophistication": New Zealand architecture in the 1890s

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Christine McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The South ◽  
Boer War ◽  
The North ◽  
Queen Victoria ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time

Stacpoole and Beaven describe the late nineteenth-century work of New Zealand architects as "exuberant and eclectic, casting aside any earlier notions of simplicity to create strident effects of instant sophistication." It is a decade generally recognised in New Zealand history as an ambitious one and was a time of social and political experimentation and progress including "the entrepreneurial state ... liquor laws ... cheap land for development, [the] management of the effects of capitalism and competition ... an old age pension ... and the exclusion of aliens and undesirables." The 1890s also witnessed the diamond jubilee of Queen Victoria (1897), the formation of the Farmers' Union (1899), and wool's establishment as New Zealand's singlemost important export. Sixty-five people were killed in the Brunner Mine disaster (1896), the population of the North Island exceeded that of the South Island for the first time since the 1850s, and the decade's end saw the outbreak of the Boer War (1899).

scholarly journals Cathedral Rank, a Handwritten Document of the Komi-Zyrians: Instruction and Foundations of Faith

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Limerov
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Religious Leader ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Good Movement ◽  
Handwritten Document ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time

The literary tradition of the Komi-Zyrians dates back to the first translations of liturgical books into the Komi language by Stefan Permsky. These translation practices remained uninterrupted, becoming the basis for the literary language in the nineteenth century. In the late nineteenth century, an independent handwritten tradition developed in the Upper Vychegda region associated with the activity of Stefan Ermolin, the religious leader of the Singers of Good movement. The movement branched off from the official Orthodox Church and created its own literature in the Verkhnevychegod dialect of the Komi language. This article describes a work of literature created by the Singers, a liturgical text outlining the basics of their faith; it concerns everything a follower of bursylysyas (Singers of Good) needs to know about salvation and, most importantly, the path which leads them to God. The manuscript is called Cathedral Rank (Komi-Zyrian Сӧбирайтчан рад) and is introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time.

‘Decadent Imports’, ‘Vile Abominations’

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Ehrisman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter explores the origins of contemporary homophobic discourse in Uganda. It argues that hegemonic claims of an exclusively heterosexual tradition in Uganda have been intimately connected to misguided versions of the past, particularly surrounding the infamous 1886 executions of Baganda royal pages ordered by kabaka (king) Mwanga. This chapter examines the ways in which British missionaries, beginning in the late nineteenth century, codified or silenced male-male sexual activity in the missionary record, and how those silences were subsequently reproduced by the first generation of Ganda Christian elite in their early written histories. By excavating the discursive links between the 1886 executions and homophobic rhetoric in Uganda today, this chapter seeks to deconstruct a particular set of historical assumptions about ‘traditional’ Ganda sexuality, and contextualise those assumptions within a specific transnational, historical process, which gave the assumptions power.

scholarly journals O perskim oku i o tym, co naprawdę jest perskie w polskich konstrukcjach frazeologicznych

Język Polski ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
Kinga Paraskiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Lively Discussion ◽  
Idiomatic Expressions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Word Game ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time

The subject of the article are certain idiomatic expressions constructed with the adjective perski (‘Persian’) in Polish: perskie oko (‘Persian eye’), perski dywan (‘Persian carpet’), perski proszek (‘Persian powder’) etc. Moreover, the author attempts to answer the question: What do we have that is really Persian in Polish? Are these phrases really related to Persia or Persians, or are they just a word game (homophones)? So far the origin of the most popular one, i.e. perskie oko (‘Persian eye’) has not been established even though a lively discussion on this subject was held on the pages of the Język Polski 90 years ago. It was started by Stanisław Szober who in his book Życie wyrazów, explained the origin of the phrase perskie oko for the first time, indicating that it is a semantic borrowing from French, and its basis is l’œil perçant ‘piercing eye’. In response, Józef Birkenmajer claimed this popular phrase comes from Krakow, relating it – quite incredibly – to a Persian man on the label of the popular Zacherlin insecticide powder called perski proszek (‘Persian powder’). It turns out that the source of this expression was a French anecdote by Alphonse Karr from the late nineteenth century based precisely on the word game.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document