Britain and American Railway Promoters In Late Nineteenth Century Persia

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-262
Author(s):  
John S. Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Weak State ◽  
New Era ◽  
Karun River ◽  
The North ◽  
Informal Empire ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Sphere Of Influence ◽  
Insight Into

Within the last generation there has been a vast outpouring of scholarship on the characteristics of British imperial policy in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The older orthodoxy that the mid-Victorian years were dominated by a commitment to laissez faire and free trade has been demolished. In the new era scholars quarrel over how “imperial” was “informal empire.” This article is not intended to add to this controversy, but rather to provide insight into the character of British policy in one area, Persia, during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, with particular emphasis on American efforts to build railways and British responses to this attempted intrusion into an exclusive British-Russian sphere of influence.For both Russia and Britain Persia had great strategic significance. Like Afghanistan, “the walls of the Indian garden,” Persia was important primarily in relation to the defense of the Indian Empire. Russian expansion to the borders of Persia, a weak state, posed the threat that the country would fall under Russian influence and what had been a buffer would become a menace.British interest in Persia thus involved a strong strategic component which affected economic policy. Unlike Afghanistan it was seen as a promising market for British goods, particularly if transportation to the interior of Persia could be opened up on the Karun River and if British capital could be attracted to build a network of railways which could be a further basis for controlling the Persian economy and thus contributing to British influence at the Persian court. At the same time Britain was determined to thwart Russian plans for railways in the north which could be used to transport troops to the borders of Persia and eventually beyond. Each power assumed the malevolent intent of the other and each was determined to frustrate these foul plans.

scholarly journals Intermediary Elites in the Treaty Port World: Tong Mow-chee and His Collaborators in Shanghai, 1873–1897

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAORI ABE
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Society ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Political World ◽  
Informal Empire ◽  
Treaty Port ◽  
British Firm ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThis article examines the functions of Chinese and foreign intermediary elites in the commercial and political world of Shanghai, an international city in the nineteenth century mainly consisting of British, American, European and Chinese residents. Specifically, it focuses on the formation of the socio-economic network of Tong Mow-chee (Tang Maozhi 唐茂枝) (1828–1897), a well-known Chinese comprador-merchant serving the British firm Jardine Matheson & Co. and other anglophone and Chinese figures, including William Venn Drummond and Tong King-sing who supported Mow-chee's commercial and political activities. My research mainly draws on English and Chinese sources and enables a deeper understanding of the unofficial figures who contributed to the management of the international society of Shanghai in the late nineteenth century, offering new insight into social roles of the middlemen operating in an area of Britain's informal empire in China.

Labor Violence in Russia in the Late Nineteenth Century

Slavic Review ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Brower
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Collective Violence ◽  
Factory Workers ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Labor Violence ◽  
Insight Into

Protest action accompanied by violence was widespread among Russian factory workers during the late nineteenth century. The phenomenon was noted by tsarist officials and radicals alike, but historians since then have paid little attention to the problem. This neglect has contributed to a distorted picture of the working-class movement and of the relations between Russian workers and factory and state authorities. In recent years it has become a truism to affirm that collective violence constitutes evidence of profound social stress. It is also true that the form and character of the violence in certain historical circumstances provide unique insight into the attitudes and expectations of groups, such as factory workers, otherwise unable to express their views. The violent actions of Russian workers are particularly important to an understanding of the origins of the revolutionary movement among the workers in the early twentieth century. What form did these actions take? Who were the participants, and what goals did they seek to attain? How did the incidence and nature of the actions change over the last decades of the century? Although the evidence is not abundant, answers to these questions suggest that collective violence played an important part in the working-class movement in the late nineteenth century.

Rum, Romanism, and Evangelism: Protestants and Catholics in Late-Nineteenth-Century Boston

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Bendroth
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Baptist Church ◽  
The North ◽  
Thursday Morning ◽  
Evangelical Protestants ◽  
The Common ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The City

On the morning of Wednesday, May 20,1885, Boston police arrested three Protestant clergymen for preaching on the Common. News of the outrage traveled quickly, and within hours the city's evangelical Protestants were in an uproar. When the preachers—A. J. Gordon, pastor of the Clarendon Street Baptist church; H. L. Hastings, editor of a locally popular evangelical periodical, the Christian; and W. H. Davis, superintendent of a mission in the North End—appeared at the Municipal Criminal Courthouse on Thursday morning, a crowd reported to be between four thousand and five thousand, “principally of the middle-class, well-dressed and well behaved,” thronged the steps of the building. “[I]t was clearly evident,” Hastings later wrote, “that something unusual was going on in the police court of the city of Boston.”

The Kansas-Sudan Missionary Movement in the Y.M.C.A., 1889–1891

1952 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-322
Author(s):  
C. Howard Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North American ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The North ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Missionary Movement ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
American Churches

Among the significantly great historical achievements of the American Young Men's Christian Associations has been the planting of Associations in foreign countries. Paralleling the notable missionary outburst of the late nineteenth century among the North American churches, this distinctive program of the YMCA was inaugurated in the last years of the 1880's with the sending of Association secretaries to Japan and to India.1 Nourished in the student Y.M.C.A.'s and particularly evangelized at the pioneer student conferences held under the auspices of Dwight L. Moody in Northfield, Massachusetts, beginning in 1886,2 the missionary fervor aroused significant interest in many Associations. By 1916 there were 157 North American secretaries in 55 foreign countries, 140 of them in Asia.

scholarly journals "strident effects of instant sophistication": New Zealand architecture in the 1890s

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Christine McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The South ◽  
Boer War ◽  
The North ◽  
Queen Victoria ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time

Stacpoole and Beaven describe the late nineteenth-century work of New Zealand architects as "exuberant and eclectic, casting aside any earlier notions of simplicity to create strident effects of instant sophistication." It is a decade generally recognised in New Zealand history as an ambitious one and was a time of social and political experimentation and progress including "the entrepreneurial state ... liquor laws ... cheap land for development, [the] management of the effects of capitalism and competition ... an old age pension ... and the exclusion of aliens and undesirables." The 1890s also witnessed the diamond jubilee of Queen Victoria (1897), the formation of the Farmers' Union (1899), and wool's establishment as New Zealand's singlemost important export. Sixty-five people were killed in the Brunner Mine disaster (1896), the population of the North Island exceeded that of the South Island for the first time since the 1850s, and the decade's end saw the outbreak of the Boer War (1899).

Anglican Worship in Late Nineteenth-Century Wales: a Montgomeryshire Case Study

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 408-418
Author(s):  
Frances Knight
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Royal Commission ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Religious Body ◽  
The Church

In 1910, the Royal Commission on the Church of England and the Other Religious Bodies in Wales and Monmouth revealed that the Church of England was the largest religious body in Wales, and attracted over a quarter of all worshippers. This indicated a significant improvement in the Church’s fortunes in the previous half century, and a different picture from that which had emerged from the 1851 Census of Religious Worship, which had suggested that the established Church had the support of only twenty per cent of Welsh worshippers. The purpose of this paper is to shed some light upon the Church’s improving fortunes between 1851 and 1910 by exploring the liturgical patterns which were evolving in a particular Welsh county, Montgomeryshire, in the late nineteenth century. Montgomeryshire is part of the large rural heart of mid-Wales, bordered by Radnor to the south, Cardigan and Merioneth to the west, Denbigh to the north, and Shropshire to the east. The paper considers the annual, monthly, and weekly liturgical cycles which were developing in the county, and how the co-existence of the Welsh and English languages was expressed in different styles of church music and worship.

The Career of Clarence King

1985 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
D. Tarbell ◽  
Ann Tarbell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Scientific Careers ◽  
Clarence King ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The U.S

As the first director of the U.S. Geological Survey Clarence King had significant influence on the development of American geology. From his first professional work, in 1863, until he died, in 1901, King was a leading figure within the American geological community. Although he was always interested in geology, King's career reflects personal concerns that had little, if anything, to do with science. Some of these personal factors and personal values can be identified. Examining them provides insight into the complexity of scientific careers in the late nineteenth century.

Gazing on the Past (and Being Photobombed by Children)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Crawford ◽  
Katharina Ulmschneider
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Glass Plate ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
The Past ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Many ◽  
Insight Into

Archaeologists often ignore the presence of children as a contributing factor in the archaeological record. However, recent analysis of a number of glass plate and film photographs taken by archaeologists at the end of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century shows that children were often incorporated into the photograph, either deliberately or inadvertently. These images provide not just a record of ancient sites and monuments, but also of the many local children who appear in the photographs. The children recorded by archaeologists offer an insight into children, their childhoods, their freedoms, and their place in society across a range of cultures in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, as well as raising questions about how archaeologists ‘saw’ the human subject in photographs where monuments and sites were the object.

Frontier Patterns of Marriage, Family, and Ethnicity: Central Wisconsin in the 1880S

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Coombs
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
North Central Region ◽  
North Central ◽  
Marriage Patterns ◽  
The North ◽  
Fertility Differentials ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This essay examines ethnicity, nuptuality, and fertility in four central Wisconsin counties which typified newly opened areas in the North Central Region during the late nineteenth century. Frontier settlement was largely a family affair involving far more immigrants than native-born migrants. Central Wisconsin settlers had higher child-woman ratios than their national counterparts because they were more likely to be married, and their children were more apt to survive infancy. Interrelated factors involving marriage patterns, religious beliefs, residence, and husbands occupation were responsible for the fertility differentials among the ethnic groups within the region.

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