Land Policy: A Framework for Analysis and Action

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 185-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick McAuslan
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Land Policy ◽  
Law And Society ◽  
African Society ◽  
Legal Scholarship ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Impact

I chose the topic of land and land policy as my contribution to this collection of essays in honour of Tony Allott because it seemed to me that there are certain parallels between the role of land in society and the role of Tony Allott in the development of the study of African Law and indeed of the study of the law of pre-literate societies by lawyers in the United Kingdom. Land is central to the workings of any society, but especially is this so in respect of pre-literate societies and societies subjected to the impact of colonialism. So too has Tony's work been central to the growth of our understanding of the workings of customary law in African society and the manifold problems created by the impact of received law i.e. for the most part Western Europe law brought by the colonial powers, on customary law and society. Those of us who began our careers of law teaching and legal scholarship in Africa owe a great debt to Tony for his pioneering work in the field and for his tireless efforts to promote African legal scholarship. In going beyond Africa as I do in this essay, I am once again following in Tony's path for he long ago realised that law in Africa is a part only of the great family of law in the developing world and one can no more isolate African legal scholarship from that world than one can isolate land from the society of which it is a part. It is to this that I now turn.

A National Treasure? The Role of Civil Society in Promoting and Enforcing Human Rights in the United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet Samuels
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Social And Economic Rights

Abstract The article investigates the negative attitude towards civil society over the last decade in the United Kingdom and the repercussions for human rights. It considers this in the context of the United Kingdom government’s implementation of the policy of austerity. It reflects on the various policy and legal changes, and the impact on the campaigning and advocacy work of civil society organizations, particularly those that work on social and economic rights.

Women on Corporate Boards: A Comparison of Parliamentary Discourse in the United Kingdom and France

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 443-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Chandler
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Corporate Boards ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Parliamentary Debates ◽  
Feminist Literature ◽  
Gender Balance ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Women On Corporate Boards ◽  
The Impact

In 2013 the European Commission presented a draft directive calling for member states to increase the presence of women on corporate boards. Some countries, such as France, have taken a quota approach by passing legislation requiring corporations to increase the numbers of women on their boards over time, while the governments of other states, such as the United Kingdom, have preferred measures to encourage corporations to have more inclusive boards. While there is a growing literature on the impact that an increased presence of women can have on corporate boards, as well as a solid feminist literature on the role of quotas in political structures, there has been relatively little attention to the specific ways in which political actors have viewed the question of women on corporate boards. This article compares the ways in which quotas for women in corporate boards have been examined by the legislatures of the United Kingdom and France, with attention also to parliamentary debates in Canada and Russia. It is hypothesized that variations in political discourse help explain why conservative governments adopted such different approaches toward gender balance on corporate boards.

The Role of Residence in School Segregation: Placing the Impact of Parental Choice in Perspective

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1829-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Taylor ◽  
Stephen Gorard
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Parental Choice ◽  
School Segregation ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Socioeconomic Segregation ◽  
The Impact

There have been many claims that the introduction of parental choice for schools in the United Kingdom would lead to further socioeconomic segregation between schools. However, little evidence of this has actually emerged. Instead during the first half of the 1990s, in particular, the number of children living in poverty became more equally distributed between UK secondary schools. Part of the explanation for this lies with the prior arrangements for allocating children to schools, typically based upon designated catchment areas. In this paper we argue that the degree of residential segregation that exists in England ensured that schools were already highly segregated before the introduction of market reforms to education, and has continued to be the chief determinant of segregation since. We then suggest that the School Standards and Framework Act 1998, which advocates a return to the use of catchment areas and distance to school when allocating places in oversubscribed schools, may be leading inadvertently to increased socioeconomic segregation between schools.

scholarly journals Gendered Justice: The Impact of Gender on Criminal Justice Policies and Legislation throughout the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Perussich
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Criminal Behaviour ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Harm Prevention ◽  
The Impact

<h2>This article discusses the role of gender in the commission of crime, criminality, and harm prevention, by critically examining the notion of crime within theories about women’s and men’s criminality, and the gendered nature of crime control policies throughout the United Kingdom (UK), England, Wales, and Scotland. Throughout the literature, there has been a continued focus on women needing to be ‘repaired’ when they commit crime, because women are seen as having gone outside the traditional role of what it means to be female. On the other hand, the link between hegemonic masculinity and criminal behaviour among men is often ignored within criminal justice policies. It will be argued that both women and men are failed by a system that does not engage with gendered power and harms within society. A combination of targeted approaches that focus on the factors that lead to offending is required to reduce crime. </h2>

Timing is everything: The role of contextual and terrorism-specific factors in the sentencing outcomes of terrorist offenders

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Amirault ◽  
Martin Bouchard
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Temporal Effect ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sentencing Outcomes

The punishment of terrorist offenders remains a relatively unexplored topic. Research is especially needed in the United Kingdom in light of the continued criminalization of terrorism-specific offences and the July 2005 bombings. Using a sample of terrorist offenders convicted in the United Kingdom ( n = 156), the current study examines the impact of legislative and incident-based contextual factors on sentencing outcomes. The findings indicate that changing contextual environments significantly affect sentencing outcomes, and that the effects of being adjudicated at different time points have unique implications for offenders motivated by an Islamic extremist ideology. Further, evidence of a temporal effect is uncovered, and the potential of a lingering 9/11 effect is addressed.

scholarly journals Being a Former Carer: Impacts on Health and Well-Being

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline H. Watts ◽  
Joyce Cavaye
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Significant Issue ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Need For Support ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health And Well Being

In the United Kingdom, policy has formalized the role of carers through the introduction of new rights and entitlements to support. However, this support is directed only at current carers with the needs of former carers being unacknowledged. Yet, when caregiving comes to an end, the transition to a life as a “former” carer can be challenging. This article reports findings from a small-scale qualitative study about the experiences of former carers conducted in the United Kingdom. Findings highlight the impact of caregiving on the health and well-being of former carers with feelings of loss and distress associated with the end of caregiving. The need for support in the post-caregiving phase emerges as a significant issue with former carers feeling abandoned, lacking purpose and motivation to move forward in their lives. Findings suggest that the needs of former carers are not being met.

Decentralisation and Devolution in the United Kingdom

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Chris Game
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Government Functions ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Working Out

The key to the core of this chapter is in its title. Constitutionally, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is still a unitary state comprising three countries – England, Scotland, Wales – plus the province of Northern Ireland. Since 1998, though, the last three have had their own elected parliaments or assemblies and devolved governments, whose responsibilities naturally include most local government functions and operations. It is arguable, therefore, that in practice nowadays the UK is quasi-federal. England, with 84% of the UK population, doesn't have a separate parliament, but is gradually working out its own form of devolution. The chapter describes all these developments, but its detail is largely reserved for the structure and workings of local government in England – elections and elected councillors, services and functions, and its currently rapidly changing finances – and the impact, particularly on councils' financial and policy discretion, of its having, in population terms, by far the largest scale of local government in Western Europe.

The availability of gas

1987 ◽  
Vol 92 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
W. R. Probert
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Production Ratio ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Market Fundamentals ◽  
Fierce Competition

SynopsisThis paper considers market fundamentals rather than privatisation, which is largely about organisation. During the last ten years there has been significant growth in the size of the world's remaining proven gas reserves. The proven reserve production ratio has been growing and is now sixty years. Beyond proven reserves there are reserves in the “probable” and “possible” categories. Within Western Europe, gas reserves are principally located in Norway, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Additional reserves are accessible to Western Europe. For the United Kingdom, gas supplies are probably ample in the short to medium term. In the longer term there is likely to be a need for imports but there are various potential suppliers. At the Church House debate in 1976 many were obsessed with “energy gaps”; today's conventional wisdom is “market forces”. Energy forecasts have proved inaccurate, but gas demand has been fairly close to projections. Over the last ten years the role of gas in energy markets has been growing, such that gas is now the major fuel in non-transport energy demand. Gas now dominates the domestic market for energy in Britain. Growth in customers continues in Scotland and the rest of Britain. Nevertheless, there is fierce competition in the domestic market with millions of decisions taken on acquiring and replacing appliances each year. The growing role of gas in Scottish and British industrial and commercial markets is discussed, with faster growth overall in demand in Scotland than Britain as a whole. The recession has had its effect but gas suffered less than some other fuels. Growth in gas demand from industry has resumed. Great emphasis is placed upon improving the efficiency of gas use. Used wisely, an availability of gas is foreseen on a long term basis.

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