Dietary effects on beef composition: II. Quantity and distribution of fat

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Johnson ◽  
R. R. Garrigus ◽  
R. D. Howard ◽  
N. L. Firth ◽  
R. B. Harrington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Early Feeding ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Intermuscular Fat

SUMMARYStudies were conducted on the quantity and distribution of fat in 104 half-sib Angus steers which had received various combinations of hay, corn silage, and corn concentrate. Groups were slaughtered at live weights of 216, 284, 340, 409, and 454 kg. The weights of mesenteric, cod, pelvic, kidney and total excess carcass fat were determined. Four linear measurements of subcutaneous fat, three cross-sectional area measurements of intermuscular fat, and the intramuscular fat in seven muscles were observed. The results showed that the feeding regimes had marked influences on the quantity and location of fat, particularly during the early feeding period (216–340 kg live wt.). Feeding hay during this period generally resulted in less fat deposition than feeding corn silage, but the suppression of intramuscular fat deposition was not evident until the animals were subsequently fed higher energy rations to heavier weights (409 and 454 kg). The results indicated that it may be possible to design dietary regimens that suppress waste fat but allow intramuscular fat to be deposited.The results described above imply that one might influence the deposition of intramuscular fat by proper design of the diet in the early feeding period. Although this possibility exists, it is noted that quantities of chemically extractable fat are not identical with quantities of marbling fat and hence changes in the former may not alter the visible quality of the meat.

Relationships among carcass quality characteristics between and within carcass quartering sites

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Baud ◽  
C. M. Wade ◽  
M. E. Goddard
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Thickness

Carcass quality characteristics were measured on 511 steers of 4 breeds that were destined for the Japanese market. All steers had carcass measurements taken at the 10th/11th rib interface, while 103 steers had additional measurements made on the same characteristics at the 5th/6th rib interface. Australian marbling score, longissimus muscle area, intramuscular fat percentage, intramuscular water content, Japanese intermuscular fat thickness, Japanese subcutaneous fat thickness, Japanese rib thickness, and meat pH were measured in the study. These measurements allowed the phenotypic relationships between the different carcass quality traits measured at the 10th/11th rib interface to be calculated. Significant positive correlations were observed among measurements of carcass fatness, and significant negative correlations were observed between carcass fatness and carcass water content. Angus and Murray Grey cattle had higher levels of marbling and intramuscular fat than Hereford and Poll Hereford cattle The data enabled Australian, USDA, and Japanese marbling standards to be compared on the basis of intramuscular fat percentage determined by an ether extraction process. Differences between the same carcass characteristics taken at 5th/6th and 10/11th rib interfaces of the longissimus dorsi were estimated from the 103 steers measured at both sites. Correlations between the rib sites were high for marbling, intramuscular fat, and intramuscular water, but low for longissimus muscle area, intermuscular fat thickness, and pH.

THE ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FAT IN EWE AND RAM LAMBS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Total Fat

Sixteen ewes and 22 rams (crossbred lambs) were grouped by sex and fed a diet based on grain and hay. All animals were slaughtered over a 4-wk period to give a range of slaughter weights (24.0–61.8 kg). After slaughter, one side of each carcass was broken into the four primal wholesale cuts (leg, loin, rib, shoulder) with the rest of the carcass discarded as trim. The four wholesale cuts were separated into fat (subcutaneous fat (SF), intermuscular fat (IF), kidney fat (KF) and body cavity fat (BCF)) muscle and bone. Depot fat accretion in the carcass was investigated using the allometric equation with side weight and side fat weight as the independent variables. Total rate of fat deposition relative to side weight was higher in ewes than rams, and ewes had more total fat than rams when comparisons were made at the same side weight (10.03 kg). However, growth coefficients for depot fat accumulation in a side and in the wholesale cuts relative to side fat were homogeneous between sexes indicating that sex did not affect the relative accumulation of fat. SF, however, had the highest growth coefficient (1.23) and IF the lowest (0.74). At equal total side fat ewes had significantly more IF in a side than rams, but overall the differences in the distribution of fat in the wholesale cuts were minor and commercially unimportant. It was concluded that the ewes had a faster rate of fat deposition than rams but both sexes followed the same pattern of differential fat accumulation, and that the distribution of fat was dependent mainly on the total amount of fat in a carcass. Key words: Fat, lambs, carcass

Studies of fat distribution in the bovine carcass. I. The partition of fatty tissues between depots

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
HR Johnson ◽  
RM Butterfield ◽  
WJ Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Definition Of

(1) Total side fat (total dissected fat plus intramuscular fat) was examined in 23 bovine carcasses in four weight ranges. (2) The partition of fatty tissue between five depots revealed relative rises in intermuscular and subcutaneous depots and relative declines in intramuscular, kidney, and channel fats with increasing carcass weight. (3) Intermuscular and subcutaneous fats reached high levels relative to total side fat at different stages. Intermuscular fat rose quickly to c. 45.0% of total side fat at about 2.0 kg total side fat (c. 56 days) whilst subcutaneous fat reached 29.0% at c. 13.0 kg total side fat (c. 270 days). (4) Intramuscular fat did not show an increase relative to total side fat as carcass weight increased. Its contribution to total fat was greatest in the lightest sides and reached a minimal value at c. 13.0 kg total side fat, which it maintained thereafter. (5) All regressions of the weight of five fat depots on total side fat were highly significant (P < 0.01). (6) There appears to be a need for precise definition of fat distribution patterns in breeds and strains of cattle in order that carcasses of optimum composition might be produced.

PATTERNS OF CARCASS FAT DEPOSITION IN HEIFERS, STEERS AND BULLS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. BERG ◽  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. HARDIN ◽  
R. FUKUHARA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Total Rate ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Adjusted Means ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat

Seventy-five young, full-fed, Shorthorn-sired cattle (36 heifers, 24 steers, 15 bulls) were slaughtered over a wide liveweight range (150–550 kg) to evaluate the influence of sex on the patterns of fat deposition. Growth coefficients for depot fat relative to half-carcass fat were homogeneous, and there were no differences (P > 0.05) among the adjusted means of depot fat at constant total fat. This indicates that depot fat partitioning among sexes is probably minor, provided comparisons are made at equal fatness. Total rate of fat deposition relative to muscle was similar for heifers and steers, but significantly (P < 0.01) lower for bulls. It is concluded that differences in fattening patterns among sexes result from a combination of fattening at a lighter weight of carcass muscle in heifers than steers and steers than bulls, and from a more rapid rate of fat deposition relative to muscle in heifers and steers than bulls. Relative to half-carcass fat, the rate of fat deposition was greatest in the subcutaneous depot in all sexes followed by intermuscular fat and finally body cavity fat. Relative growth of kidney fat was variable among the sexes, but it was generally similar to the subcutaneous depot. Relative rate of intermuscular fat deposition was greater in the forequarter than the hindquarter, while relative rate of subcutaneous fat deposition was similar in both the fore- and hindquarters.

scholarly journals Identification of Candidate Genes That Specifically Regulate Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Fat Deposition Using Transcriptomic and Proteomic Profiles in Dingyuan Pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Qinggang Li ◽  
Yijing Wu ◽  
Yawen Zhang ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Key Pathways ◽  
Differentially Abundant Proteins

Abstract Subcutaneous fat and intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition are closely related to meat production and pork quality. Dingyuan pig, as a native pig breed in China, low selection leads to obvious genetic and phenotypic differences in the population. Individuals with extreme fat content in the population are ideal models for studying the mechanism of fat deposition. In this study, we used RNA-Seq and tandem mass tags-based (TMT) proteomics to analyze the key pathways and genes that specifically regulate subcutaneous fat and IMF deposition in Dingyuan pigs. We identified 191 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 61 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in the high and low back fat thickness (HBF, LBF) groups, 85 DEGs and 12 DAPs were obtained in the high and low intramuscular fat (HIMF, LIMF) groups. The functional analysis showed that the DEGs and DAPs in the backfat groups were mainly involved in carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids, whereas the IMF groups were involved in the insulin pathway, longevity, and some disease-related pathways. we found 33 candidate genes that might tissue-specifically lipids deposition for subcutaneous and intramuscular fat. Our research provides theoretical reference materials for the improvement of fat deposition traits of local pig breeds in my country.

scholarly journals Identification of Candidate Genes that Specifically Regulate Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Fat Deposition Using Transcriptomic and Proteomic Profiles in Dingyuan Pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Qinggang Li ◽  
Yijing Wu ◽  
Yawen Zhang ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Pathway Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background: Subcutaneous fat and intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition are closely related to meat production and pork quality. The Dingyuan pig is a local pig breed in Anhui Province, China, that has great potential for fat deposition. Individuals with extreme subcutaneous fat and intramuscular fat content can be found in this breed, which provides a good study system for investigating the molecular mechanisms regulating these two types of fat deposit.Results: In this study, we used RNA-Seq and tandem mass tags-based proteomics to analyze the key pathways and genes that specifically regulate subcutaneous fat and intramuscular fat deposition in Dingyuan pigs. We identified 191 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 61 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in the high backfat thickness (HBF) and low backfat thickness (LBF) groups. In the high intramuscular fat and low intramuscular fat groups, we found 85 DEGs and 12 DAPs. The gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs and DAPs in the backfat groups were mainly involved in various metabolic pathways, such as those related to carbohydrates, amino acids, esters, and fatty acids, whereas the DEGs and DAPs of the IMF groups were involved in a wide range of signaling pathways, including metabolic pathways, the insulin pathway, ketone body synthesis and degradation, longevity, and some disease-related pathways. Among the genes related to the metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, amino acids, esters, and fatty acids, we found 26 candidate genes that specifically regulate subcutaneous fat deposition and 7 genes that specifically regulate IMF deposition in Dingyuan pigs.Conclusion: Our data show that subcutaneous fat deposition and IMF deposition are regulated by the same genes, but there are also genes that specifically regulate these two fat depositions. Our data provide insights into the mechanisms of pig fat deposition.

Performance of British Saanen, Boer × British Saanen and Anglo-Nubian castrated male kids from 8 weeks to slaughter at 28, 33 or 38 kg live weight

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
J. E. Cook ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Left Half ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Daily Intakes

AbstractThe performance of British Saanen, Boer × British Saanen and Anglo-Nubian kids from weaning to slaughter at 28, 33 or 38 kg live weight (LW) was examined in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment. Kids were reared on a concentrate and hay ration, after weaning at 8 weeks of age. Intakes were measured individually. At slaughter, carcasses and body fractions were weighed, left half-carcasses were dissected into muscle, fat and bone, and the carcass and non-carcass fractions were analysed chemically. There ivas no significant effect of breed type on mean daily intakes, but there was a significant breed-type effect on mean daily LW gains in the order British Saanen > Boer × British Saanen > Anglo-Nubian kids. Compared with the pure British Saanen kids, the Anglo-Nubian kids produced heavier carcasses yielding more muscle and less subcutaneous and intermuscular fat at each slaughter weight. By contrast, the Boer × British Saanen carcasses contained proportionately more fat, mainly intermuscular fat, than the British Saanen when slaughtered at 28 or 33 kg LW. When taken on to slaughter at 38 kg LW, the Boer × British Saanen kids showed little further increase in fat deposition at the internal and intermuscular sites compared with the British Saanens, resulting in carcasses with slightly more subcutaneous fat but lower overall carcass fat content.

scholarly journals Identification of Candidate Genes that Specifically Regulate Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Fat Deposition Using Transcriptomic and Proteomic Profiles in Dingyuan Pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Qinggang Li ◽  
Yijing Wu ◽  
Yawen Zhang ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Pathway Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background: Subcutaneous fat and intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition are closely related to meat production and pork quality. The Dingyuan pig is a local pig breed in Anhui Province, China, that has great potential for fat deposition. Individuals with extreme subcutaneous fat and intramuscular fat content can be found in this breed, which provides a good study system for investigating the molecular mechanisms regulating these two types of fat deposit.Results: In this study, we used RNA-Seq and tandem mass tags-based proteomics to analyze the key pathways and genes that specifically regulate subcutaneous fat and intramuscular fat deposition in Dingyuan pigs. We identified 191 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 61 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in the high backfat thickness (HBF) and low backfat thickness (LBF) groups. In the high intramuscular fat and low intramuscular fat groups, we found 85 DEGs and 12 DAPs. The gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs and DAPs in the backfat groups were mainly involved in various metabolic pathways, such as those related to carbohydrates, amino acids, esters, and fatty acids, whereas the DEGs and DAPs of the IMF groups were involved in a wide range of signaling pathways, including metabolic pathways, the insulin pathway, ketone body synthesis and degradation, longevity, and some disease-related pathways. Among the genes related to the metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, amino acids, esters, and fatty acids, we found 26 candidate genes that specifically regulate subcutaneous fat deposition and 7 genes that specifically regulate IMF deposition in Dingyuan pigs.Conclusion: Our data show that subcutaneous fat deposition and IMF deposition are regulated by the same genes, but there are also genes that specifically regulate these two fat depositions. Our data provide insights into the mechanisms of pig fat deposition.

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