Suppression of couch grass by Italian ryegrass and broad red clover undersown in barley and field beans

SummaryFour annual experiments were carried out on the control of couch grass by undersowing barley and field beans with Italian ryegrass and broad red clover. Pieces of couch grass rhizome 15 cm long were planted in the plots in spring and lifted in late autumn. Couch grass grew more under beans than under barley. Undersowing lessened the growth by a factor of two under barley and by a larger factor under beans, although the total amount of couch lifted from under beans was greater than under barley. Undersowing spring cereals can appreciably retard the spread of couch grass and prevent its rapid spread after harvest if cultivation or spraying is delayed.

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Soil nitrate N as influenced by annually undersown cover crops in spring cereals

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.5750 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 12 (3-4) ◽

pp. 165-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

H. KÄNKÄNEN ◽

C. ERIKSSON ◽

M. RÄKKÖLÄINEN

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Red Clover ◽

N Leaching ◽

Pure Stand ◽

Soil Nitrate ◽

Meadow Fescue ◽

Late Autumn ◽

Nitrate N ◽

Cereal Grain ◽

Spring Cereals

Cover crops can reduce leaching and erosion, introduce variability into crop rotations and fix nitrogen (N) for use by the main crops. In Finland, undersowing is a suitable method for establishing cover crops in cereals. The effect of annual undersowing on soil nitrate N was studied at two sites. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), a mixture of red clover and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.), and westerwold ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. westerwoldicum) were undersown in spring cereals during six successive seasons, and a pure stand of cereal was grown in two years after that. In all years, the soil nitrate N was measured in late autumn, and in addition in different times of the season in last four years. The effect of undersowing on soil NO3-N content was generally low, but in one season when conditions favoured high N leaching, westerwold ryegrass decreased soil NO3-N. The negligible increase of N leaching risk in connection with undersowing clovers, associated with late autumn ploughing, supports the use of clovers to increase the cereal grain yield. The highest levels of soil NO3-N were recorded at sowing in spring irrespective of whether a crop was undersown or not. NO3-N contents were higher in sandy soil than in silt. Undersowing can be done annually in cereal cultivation either to fix or catch N. No cumulative effects on soil nitrate N were associated with undersowing after six years.;

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Yield Response and Competition Ability of Italian Ryegrass, Red Clover and Their Mixture to Different Technological Conditions�

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Agriculture ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:002317 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Vasile IUGA ◽

Ioan ROTAR ◽

Anamaria MĂLINAŞ ◽

Gheorghe TOTH

Keyword(s):

Red Clover ◽

Growth Behavior ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Yield Response ◽

Competition Ability

The effect of different technological conditions on forage yield, growth behavior and competition ability of ryegrass, red clover and their mixture was analyzed. The results showed that red clover makes better use of the nutrition space in the case of variants sown in mixture with Italian ryegrass than in the monoculture, independent of the density of the plants or fertilization regime. The highest DM production was obtained at the mixture formed by red clover and Italian ryegrass on the variants sown on 12.5 cm distance between rows, the increase of the nutrition space being directly proportional to the decrease of the DM production in the case of this forage mixture.

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Forage yield and nutritive value of Elephant grass, Italian ryegrass and spontaneous growing species mixed with forage peanut or red clover

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20131347 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

pp. 1845-1852 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michelle Schalemberg Diehl ◽

Clair Jorge Olivo ◽

Carlos Alberto Agnolin ◽

Ricardo Lima de Azevedo Junior ◽

Vinícius Felipe Bratz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Red Clover ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Grazing Systems

The objective of this research was to evaluate of three grazing systems (GS) with elephant grass (EG), Italian ryegrass (IR) + spontaneous growing species (SGS); EG + IR + SGS + forage peanut (FP); and EG + IR + SGS + red clover (RC), during the winter and summer periods in rotational grazing with dairy cattle. Experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments, two replicates with repeated measures. Lactating Holstein cows receiving 1% BW-daily feed supplement with concentrate were used in the evaluation. Eight grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period. The values of pre forage mass and stocking rate were 2.52, 2.60 and 2.99 t ha-1 and 2.64, 2.77 and 3.14 animal unit ha-1, respectively for GS. Samples of forage were collected by hand-plucking technique to analyze the crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in situ dry matter digestibility (ISDMD), in situ organic matter digestibility (ISOMD) of forage present between rows of elephant grass, in the rows of elephant grass and the legumes. Higher value of CP, ISOMD and lower of NDF were observed for the grazing systems mixed with legumes forage.

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Research Concerning Nitrogen Fixation in Fodder Systems Based on Italian Ryegrass

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Agriculture ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:8676 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Cristian GHIOCEL ◽

Neculai DRAGOMIR ◽

Roxana VIDICAN ◽

Sebastian TOTH ◽

Nicoleta MORARU

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Red Clover ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Agricultural System ◽

First Year ◽

Legume Species

In any agricultural system based on legumes, nitrogen balance should take into account the flow of NÂ 2 by legume species. In this flow, the amount of N2 fixed by legumes is considered a reserve amount of nitrogen which, through harvesting, is removed from the nitrogen balance. The aim of the present paper is to assess the amount of nitrogen fixed biologically (NFB) in some legume species sowed in association and of the share of this amount of NFB of the total amount of nitrogen from the productions obtained. Thus, in the fodder system made up of Italian ryegrass + red clover cultivated for two years, the amount of NFB in the first year was 60 kg/ha. If we relate the amount of NFB to the amount of nitrogen exported through the fodder biomass, we see that the share of NFB varies between 22 and 42%.

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On the frost resistance of red clover with special attention to seed production

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.71650 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 27-48

Author(s):

Arvi Valmari ◽

Irja Valmari

Keyword(s):

Seed Size ◽

Frost Resistance ◽

Intermediate Phase ◽

Red Clover ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Complete Loss ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Frost Injury ◽

Spring Cereals ◽

Clover Seed

The frost-resistance of Finnish red clover has been studied by means of experiments in a cold cabinet and on the basis of samples taken from the field. In the cold cabinet experiments the frost injury of the clover plant’s vegetative parts has reached considerable magnitude when the temperature was about 4° C. Also the unripe heads which did not die immediately could suffer so that the development of the seed stopped. Definitive death of the plants began to occur in the treatment at 5° C, though only when the soil was frozen. The plants recovered after treatment at 10° C if the soil was not frozen. In the field little frost injury of the vegetative parts occurred even with a frost of 6 to 7° C, but the unripe seeds suffered injury in that case. The germination percentage is distinctly dependent on the seed size in absence of frost. The stage of development at which more than 70 % of the corollae are light brown constituted an intermediate phase where the variation in germinative ability was great and covered, when the samples subjected to slight natural frost (–6.6° C) were taken into account, practically the entire per cent range (0—99 %). After the corollae of the heads had turned dark brown, at which time the seed had reached full weight, the seed suffered no injury from –6 to –7° C frost, and even more severe frosts could at the most cause a very slight lowering of germination percentage. Frost seems to injure the seed mainly by stopping the development of the unripe seeds. No lowering of germination from the level corresponding to the seed size has been observed in all cases nor was there any complete loss of germinative ability such as occurs with cereals. The commercial value of frost-injured red clover seed can be considerably increased by sorting. The number of hard seeds is highest in large, early harvested seed. Frost evidently causes »softening» of germinative seeds. The risk implied by frost is less in clover seed cultivation than in the cultivation of spring cereals and potatoes.

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Phytotoxicity of Glyphosate to Italian Ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum)and Red Clover(Trifolium pratense)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500032641 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 32-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

J. Segura ◽

S. W. Bingham ◽

C. L. Foy

Keyword(s):

Shoot Growth ◽

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Red Clover ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Foliar Absorption ◽

Percent Germination ◽

Clover Seed

The phytotoxicity of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] on seeds (protected or non-protected with soil) and seedlings of Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorumLam.) and red clover(Trifolium pratenseL.) was studied in the greenhouse. Percent germination of Italian ryegrass seeds covered with soil was significantly reduced with glyphosate applied at 4 kg/ha. The direct treatment over the seeds on the soil surface was more toxic, reducing the number of established seedlings at dosages of 3 and 4 kg/ha. In the two red clover seed treatments, germination was significantly reduced with 2 kg/ha of herbicide. Even though germination was reduced at intermediate rates of glyphosate, shoot growth and tillering were improved and yields of dry weight were equivalent to that of untreated plants. Postemergence applications of glyphosate were phytotoxic to both species with the effects becoming more pronounced at increasing dosages. However, at equal dosage, red clover was less susceptible than Italian ryegrass. The patterns of foliar absorption and translocation of14C from14C-glyphosate was similar in Italian ryegrass and red clover.14C was translocated throughout the plants and exhibited apoplastic and symplastic movement.

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