Effects of three different growth rates on empty body weight, carcass weight and dissected carcass composition of cattle

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Murray ◽  
N. M. Tulloh ◽  
W. H. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
General Group ◽  
Relative Growth

SUMMARYA study was made of the effect on body composition of growing Angus steers from 300 to 440 kg at three different rates. The rates were: High (H) 0·8 kg/day, Low (L) 0·4 kg/day and High-Maintenance (HM) 0·8 kg/day followed by a period during which body weight was maintained constant.The animals were individually penned and the different growth rates were achieved by controlling intakes of a pelleted feed. Two animals (part of H treatment) were killed at 300 kg and the remaining 27 animals (nine in each treatment), were killed at common body weights of 330, 363, 400 and 440 kg.Analyses of covariance were used to compare linear regression equations representing results from each treatment. In order to do this, the logarithmic transformation of the allometric equation, y = axb, was used. As a proportion of empty body weight (EBW), hot carcass weight (HCW) was greater in both the HM and L groups than in the H group, indicating a greater offal component of EBW in the H animals. The loss in weight of the dressed carcass during storage at 2 °C for 24 h was similar in all three groups and was 0·98% of HCW. The proportions of HCW in the fore- and hind-quarters were similar in each group.At the same dissected side weight (DSW), the weight of bone was significantly greater in both the HM and L groups than in the H group indicating that bone development was related to both age and carcass weight. There were no significant differences between the groups in the proportions of either muscle or total fat. However, the proportion of kidney and channel fat in the H group was greater than in the HM and L groups and the proportion of subcutaneous fat was also greater in the H than in the L group. The amount of connective tissue in the three groups followed, in general, group differences in bone. Analyses of the dissected components of the separate fore- and hind-quarters showed that the difference between the H and L groups in the proportion of subcutaneous fat in the DSW was due to a relatively greater development of this fat in the fore-quarter of the H animals.No differences were found between treatments in the proportion of ‘expensive muscles’ relative to total side muscle (TSM). However, there were treatment effects on the proportions of TSM formed by certain groups of muscles; two examples are: the proportion of group 4 muscles (abdominal muscles) was higher and the proportion of group 6 muscles (distal muscles of the fore-leg) was lower in the H than in the L treatments. Bone weight distribution was similar in all treatments.There were differences between the H and HM groups in the relative growth ratios for all fat tissues (subcutaneous, intermuscular and kidney and channel fat) compared with total side fat. However, in the H and L groups, the relative growth ratios for corresponding fat categories were similar. The weight of kidney and channel fat in the left side of the carcass was significantly greater than in the right side of the carcass in all treatments.

Carcass composition in four sheep breeds: the importance of type of breed and stage of maturity

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
H. J. H. MacFie ◽  
R. W. Pomeroy ◽  
D. J. Twinn
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Omental Fat ◽  
Mature Size

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate the effects of type of breed on carcass composition, an examination was made of 361 lambs from four breeds: Clun Forest and Colbred (termed ewe breeds); and Suffolk and Hampshire (termed ram breeds). The animals were in four carcass weight groups averaging 15, 17, 19 and 21 kg.Percentage subcutaneous fat was influenced more by carcass weight than by breed, whereas both carcass weight and breed had similar effects on percentage lean. At the mean carcass weight of 18 kg, Colbreds, the leanest breed, had a similar value for percentage lean (about 57 % of carcass tissue weight) to the carcasses over all breeds weighing 15 kg; and Cluns, the fattest breed, had a similar value (about 54%) to those weighing 21 kg. Since the ram breeds were intermediate in composition between the two ewe breeds there was no effect of type of breed on carcass composition. The breed differences were related to eventual mature size and to the stage of maturity at each carcass weight, as judged by body length and bone weight measurements. However, Colbreds were bigger and leaner than published estimates of their mature weight suggested. Humerus weight was a good predictor of lean or total fat weight, explaining 83 % ofvariation when used as a predictor along with carcass weight.Type of breed had a marked effect on internal fat deposition, the ewe breeds having heavier weights of both kidney knob and channel fat (KKCF) and caul fat (omental fat) than the ram breeds; and on the length oflimb bones, the ewe breeds having longer but thinner bones than the ram breeds. The order of the relative growth of the tissues and fat depots was: subcutaneous fat > caul fat > KKCF > intermuscular fat > lean > bone. Therefore, the internal fat depots were later maturing than intermuscular fat.The percentage of prime cuts in the carcass was not affected by carcass weight. Colbreds had significantly lower values than the other breeds. Suffolks had the lowest lean to bone ratio.

Corrigendum - Comparative breed studies of beef cattle. III. Carcass composition

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
NM Tulloh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Breed Comparison

An investigation was made of published data on the carcass composition of cattle, based on dissection of carcasses into bone, muscle, and fat. The data included females and castrate males, without regard to breed, age, or nutritional history. It was found that the relation between each carcass component and empty body weight could be described by a linear regression equation by using logarithmic values for the variables. The differential growth ratios given by the regression equations indicated, as empty body weight increased, that: (a) the weight of each of the dissected carcass components (i.e. bone, muscle, and fat) also increased; (b) the proportion of carcass bone fell, that of fat increased, and that of muscle remained almost constant. The relations between dissected bone, muscle, and fat and carcass weight were similar to those obtained between dissected carcass components and empty body weight. To obtain evidence on whether the differential growth ratios between dissected carcass components and empty body weight or carcass weight showed any change throughout post-natal life, quadratic equations were computed by using logarithmic values for the variables. These ratios fell for all carcass components, but in only three out of six equations were the quadratic terms statistically significant. This re-examination of published data indicates that any comparisons of the carcass composition of cattle may be invalid unless they are made at the same body (or carcass) weights. In addition, a comparison made by using regression equations, with the variables expressed as percentages, is confusing because it may not reveal abnormal composition in animals of particular weights. A satisfactory type of analysis can be made by using regression techniques with the original data. The above principles of analysis were applied in a breed comparison study of the carcass composition of 28 Hereford, 25 Angus, and 18 Shorthorn steers. These cattle comprised two age groups, born in 1957 and 1958 respectively. Carcass composition was estimated by dissecting, into bone, muscle and fat, the left and right 11th ribcuts from the carcasses of the 1957 steers, and the 9th–10th–11th rib-cuts from the left sides of the carcasses of the 1958 steers. When the rib-cut data were plotted, the relations appeared linear; the data were therefore analysed by using linear regressions with arithmetical values for the variables. Results showed that the fat content was greater and the muscle content smaller in the rib-cuts of the Shorthorns in both years than in those of either Hereford or Angus steers. Differences between Herefords and Angus were small. In view of the high correlations found by other workers between the results of rib-cut dissections and carcass composition, it is assumed that the breed differences reported here in rib-cut composition were reflections of breed differences in carcass composition. The carcass compositions of the cattle used in the breed comparison study were also estimated from hot carcass weight by using regression equations derived from the literature. A comparison of the two methods of estimating carcass composition suggests that, if hot carcass weight is to be used, regression equations will need to be developed for each breed in various environments.

scholarly journals The allometric hypothesis when the size variable is uncertain: issues in the study of carcass composition by serial slaughter

1997 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Pleasants ◽  
G. C. Wake ◽  
A. L. Rae
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Size Variable

AbstractThe allometric hypothesis which relates the shape (y) of biological organs to the size of the plant or animal (x), as a function of the relative growth rates, is ubiquitous in biology. This concept has been especially useful in studies of carcass composition of farm animals, and is the basis for the definition of maintenance requirements in animal nutrition.When the size variable is random the differential equation describing the relative growth rates of organs becomes a stochastic differential equation, with a solution different from that of the deterministic equation normally used to describe allometry. This is important in studies of carcass composition where animals are slaughtered in different sizes and ages, introducing variance between animals into the size variable.This paper derives an equation that relates values of the shape variable to the expected values of the size variable at any point. This is the most easily interpreted relationship in many applications of the allometric hypothesis such as the study of the development of carcass composition in domestic animals by serial slaughter. The change in the estimates of the coefficients of the allometric equation found through the usual deterministc equation is demonstrated under additive and multiplicative errors. The inclusion of a factor based on the reciprocal of the size variable to the usual log - log regression equation is shown to produce unbiased estimates of the parameters when the errors can be assumed to be multiplicative.The consequences of stochastic size variables in the study of carcass composition are discussed.

Comparative breed studies of beef cattle. III. Carcass composition

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
NM Tulloh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Breed Comparison

An investigation was made of published data on the carcass composition of cattle, based on dissection of carcasses into bone, muscle, and fat. The data included females and castrate males, without regard to breed, age, or nutritional history. It was found that the relation between each carcass component and empty body weight could be described by a linear regression equation by using logarithmic values for the variables. The differential growth ratios given by the regression equations indicated, as empty body weight increased, that: (a) the weight of each of the dissected carcass components (i.e. bone, muscle, and fat) also increased; (b) the proportion of carcass bone fell, that of fat increased, and that of muscle remained almost constant. The relations between dissected bone, muscle, and fat and carcass weight were similar to those obtained between dissected carcass components and empty body weight. To obtain evidence on whether the differential growth ratios between dissected carcass components and empty body weight or carcass weight showed any change throughout post-natal life, quadratic equations were computed by using logarithmic values for the variables. These ratios fell for all carcass components, but in only three out of six equations were the quadratic terms statistically significant. This re-examination of published data indicates that any comparisons of the carcass composition of cattle may be invalid unless they are made at the same body (or carcass) weights. In addition, a comparison made by using regression equations, with the variables expressed as percentages, is confusing because it may not reveal abnormal composition in animals of particular weights. A satisfactory type of analysis can be made by using regression techniques with the original data. The above principles of analysis were applied in a breed comparison study of the carcass composition of 28 Hereford, 25 Angus, and 18 Shorthorn steers. These cattle comprised two age groups, born in 1957 and 1958 respectively. Carcass composition was estimated by dissecting, into bone, muscle and fat, the left and right 11th ribcuts from the carcasses of the 1957 steers, and the 9th–10th–11th rib-cuts from the left sides of the carcasses of the 1958 steers. When the rib-cut data were plotted, the relations appeared linear; the data were therefore analysed by using linear regressions with arithmetical values for the variables. Results showed that the fat content was greater and the muscle content smaller in the rib-cuts of the Shorthorns in both years than in those of either Hereford or Angus steers. Differences between Herefords and Angus were small. In view of the high correlations found by other workers between the results of rib-cut dissections and carcass composition, it is assumed that the breed differences reported here in rib-cut composition were reflections of breed differences in carcass composition. The carcass compositions of the cattle used in the breed comparison study were also estimated from hot carcass weight by using regression equations derived from the literature. A comparison of the two methods of estimating carcass composition suggests that, if hot carcass weight is to be used, regression equations will need to be developed for each breed in various environments.

Growth and carcass composition of ram and wether lambs fed at two levels of nutrition

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lee
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
The Difference

This experiment examined the effects of two levels of nutrition on growth rate and fat deposition in the subcutaneous, kidney plus channel, omental and mesenteric depots of ram and wether second-cross lambs. Growth rates to slaughter were higher (P< 0.001) in lambs fed at the higher level of nutrition (170 � 5 v. 88 � 3 g/day; mean � s.e.). There was no difference in growth rates between ram and wether lambs at the levels of nutrition imposed. The level of nutrition did not influence fat depots when the comparison was made at the same carcass weight. Ram lambs had less subcutaneous fat than did wethers, the difference increasing (P = 0.06) at heavier carcass weights (1 00 v. 20 1 g increase in subcutaneous fat/kg increase in carcass weight, for rams and wethers respectively). A similar trend was evident in GR tissue depth; consequently, the distribution of fat scores of wether carcasses was closer to the high (fat) end of the range than was the distribution for ram carcasses (P < 0.05). The levels of total solvent-extractable fat in the carcass did not differ between sexes or levels of nutrition.

Consistency and accuracy of pig carcass lean prediction from P2 fat thickness and sample joint dissection

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
J Planella ◽  
G L Cook ◽  
C C Warkup
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Optical Probe ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Pig Carcasses

Genetic improvements and developments in production methods have made dramatic changes in the composition of British pig carcasses over the last ten years. As a result, equations for predicting lean concentration are likely to need frequent revision. The first Stotfold Trial was designed to obtain a comprehensive modern data set with which production efficiency, carcass composition and meat quality could be examined for different breed types, sexes and feeding regimens. It therefore provides a valuable database with which to evaluate predictors of carcass lean. The main objective of this paper is to examine the stability of the regression equations predicting carcass lean content from carcass weight, P2 and lean content of sample joints among different populations, sexes and feeding regimens. Two different aspects of prediction were studied. The first was that of carcass grading, the estimation of lean concentration from P2 (measured with an Optical Probe) and carcass weight. The second was that of the estimation of total lean concentration from the dissection of sample joints and from the removal of total subcutaneous fat in the side. The accuracy of these estimators was also examined.

GROWTH PATTERNS OF MUSCLE, FAT AND BONE, AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF DOUBLE MUSCLED AND NORMAL CATTLE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARIMA A. SHAHIN ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Similar Growth

Eighteen Double Muscled (DM), 18 Beef Synthetic (SY) and 18 Hereford (HE) bulls were serially slaughtered from approximately 250 to 800 kg liveweight to determine the influence of maturity type and "double muscling" on tissue growth patterns and compositional differences which were examined by using the allometric equation Y = aXb after transformation to common logarithms (log10). As liveweight (LW) increased, the proportions of total side fat (TSF) and subcutaneous fat (SCF) increased, the proportions of total side muscle (TSM) and intermuscular fat (IMF) remained relatively constant and the proportion of total side bone (TSB) decreased. Relative to LW, DM had a similar growth rate for TSM and lower growth rates for TSF, SCF and IMF than HE and SY. All breed types had similar growth rates for TSB on LW. Relative to dissected side weight (DSW) and TSB, the DM bulls had a higher growth rate for TSM than did the HE and S Y bulls. Differences existed between DM and the more normal genotypes in carcass composition. DM was characterized by a high muscle:liveweight ratio, a high proportion of muscle in the carcass, high muscle:bone and muscle:fat ratios and a low proportion of fat compared to the more normal genotypes. Objective criteria to discriminate between HE and DM were SCF, muscle:bone and TSMTMF ratios, and between SY and DM were TSB and muscle:bone ratio. Key words: Beef bulls (young), growth patterns, carcass composition, double muscling, breed type

Carcass characteristics of heavyweight crossbred lambs. II.* Carcass composition and partitioning of fat

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Thompson ◽  
KD Atkins ◽  
AR Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Intermuscular Fat

Half-carcasses of 108 wether and ewe lambs from six genotypes, slaughtered at 34, 44 and 54 kg liveweight, were dissected into subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, muscle, bone and connective tissue. The six genotypes were the progeny of Dorset Horn and Border Leicester rams mated to Merino, Corriedale and Border Leicester x Merino first-cross ewes. As carcass weight increased, the proportion of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat increased (b > 1 ; P < 0.05) and the proportion of muscle and bone decreased (b < 1; P < 0.05). Lambs sired by Border Leicester rams had more subcutaneous fat (12.7%), more intermuscular fat (7.6%) and more bone (5.7%) than lambs sired by Dorset Horn rams at the same carcass weight (P< 0.05). Similarly, lambs sired by Dorset Horn rams had more muscle (7.2%) than lambs sired by Border Leicester rams at the same carcass weight (P < 0.05). Breed of dam had no effect on carcass composition. Wether lambs had a greater proportion of bone (5.7%) than ewe lambs at the same carcass weight (P < 0.05). The breed of sire effect and the lack of a breed of dam effect on carcass composition, in conjunction with estimated mature weights for the breeds, suggest possible differences between sire and dam breeds in the partitioning of fat between the carcass and non-carcass depots. ____________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 30: 1197 (1979).

scholarly journals Prediction of the meat content of the carcass and valuable carcass parts in French lop rabbits using some traits measured in vivo and post mortem

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 406-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Michalik ◽  
A. Lewczuk ◽  
E. Wilkiewicz-Wawro ◽  
W. Brzozowski
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Hip Circumference ◽  
Thigh Circumference ◽  
Meat Weight ◽  
Chest Girth

The experiment was performed on 60 French lop rabbits raised under extensive conditions and sacrificed at body weight of about 3 kg. It was found that the best indicators of meat weight (g) in rabbit carcasses were body weight, head width and lower thigh length among the traits measured in vivo, and carcass weight, chest girth and thigh circumference among the traits measured post mortem. In vivo prediction of saddle meatiness may be based on body weight, trunk length and thigh length, whereas post-slaughter estimation &ndash; on carcass weight, hip circumference and thigh circumference. Total meat weight in the hind half of the carcass may be predicted in vivo on the basis of body weight, head width and lower thigh length, and post mortem &ndash; on the basis of carcass weight, chest girth, hip circumference, thigh circumference and pelvic width. Multiple regression equations for meat weight estimation in the whole carcass and its middle and hind part were derived in the study. These equations may be applied in selection work directed towards an improvement in carcass meatiness. They may also be used to evaluate the results of experiments conducted on French lops. &nbsp;

A comparative study on growth, body composition and carcass tissue distribution in Omani sheep and goats

1998 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. MAHGOUB ◽  
G. A. LODGE
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Growth, body composition and distribution of carcass tissues were compared in Omani sheep and goats. Animals had ad libitum access to Rhodes-grass hay (8 % CP) and a concentrate diet (16% CP) from weaning until slaughter. The two species had similar birth weights but sheep had higher preweaning (181 g/day), postweaning (175 g/day) and overall (179 g/day) growth rates than goats (120, 102 and 111 g/day, respectively) and thus they reached slaughter weights earlier. Sheep had higher slaughter weight (22·26 kg), empty body weight (20·39 kg), hot carcass weight (12·48 kg) and dressing out percentage (55·94%) than goats (21·17, 18·82, 11·48 kg and 53·97%, respectively). Sheep also had higher proportions of skin, liver and lungs and trachea (P<0·01) than goats, which had higher proportions of head, feet and gut contents. As proportions of carcass weight, sheep had higher fat (25·08%) but lower muscle content (57·24%) than goats (15·72 and 65·88%, respectively). There were no significant differences between the two species in proportion of carcass bone (13·76 and 14·17%). These effects resulted in sheep having a lower muscle: bone ratio (4·19 and 4·68) and higher fat: muscle ratio (0·44 and 0·24). Sheep had higher proportions of non-carcass, carcass and total body fat in the empty body weight (EBW) than goats. However, sheep had less non-carcass but more carcass fat than goats when fats were expressed as proportions of total body fat. Sheep had higher proportions of muscles in the proximal hind limb, distal hind limb (P<0·01), around the spinal column, connecting forelimb to thorax and high-priced muscle group (P<0·05), but lower proportions of muscles in the abdominal wall, proximal forelimb (P<0·05), distal forelimb (P<0·01), connecting neck to forelimb, intrinsic muscles of neck and thorax (P<0·05) and total forequarter muscles (P<0·01) than goats. As proportions in carcass bone, sheep had higher axial skeleton (P<0·05) but lower forelimb than goats. Among species/sex/slaughter weight groups, castrated male and female goats had the lowest growth rates. Castrates and female sheep, particularly at heavier liveweights, had higher carcass and non-carcass fat contents than intact males and goats of all sexes. Although Omani goats produced leaner carcasses and had higher proportions of some non-carcass offals than Omani sheep, they had slower growth rates and a less attractive muscle distribution. This may negatively affect their potential for large scale meat production under Omani conditions.

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