Soil–plant–water relations of oilseed rape (Brassica napus and B. campestris)

1991 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. S. Rao ◽  
N. J. Mendham
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Moisture Extraction ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

SUMMARYChinoli (Brassica campestris subsp. oleifera × subsp. chinensis), Marnoo and Apetalous (B. napus), with contrasting morphological characters, were compared over four seasons in Tasmania in 1985/86 and 1986/87. The total water use estimated from a depth of 70 cm increased in proportion to irrigations. Before irrigation all the crops had a similar pattern of moisture extraction but differences between the lines, and due to irrigations, emerged after the irrigation treatments. The genotypic differences were clearer in the winter sowing of 1986/87, when the growing season was longer. Apetalous, when unirrigated, extracted a greater amount of water from the lower, wetter regions of the soil profile, particularly in the longer winter sowing when its water use was the same as in the treatment receiving one irrigation. With consistently higher stomatal conductance, Apetalous used more water than chinoli or Marnoo. It also maintained a higher turgor at lower osmotic potentials, suggesting a greater degree of drought tolerance than found in the short duration chinoli which, although it had a lower water use, also gave lower seed yields.

scholarly journals Effect of pattern of water supply on Vicia faba L. 2. Pod retention and filling, and dry matter partitioning, production and water use.

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Grashoff
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Seed Yields

Pod retention and pod filling of V. faba was studied under different patterns of water supply. Mild water shortage during flowering, followed by plenty of water after flowering (d-i), resulted in high seed yields at lower stem nodes (defined as the first podding node to node number 11) in cv. Alfred. The inverse treatment (i-d: plenty of water during flowering, followed by increasing water shortage after flowering), but also i-i (plenty of water during and after flowering), showed 20-60% lower seed yields at those nodes. This effect was mainly due to a lower number of pods per node. In i-i, but not in i-d, the low pod retention at lower nodes was compensated for at higher nodes (defined as from node 12 to the last podding node). These results helped to explain the mechanism of the interaction between water supply pattern and the development of reproductive sinks. The quantitative consequences of these effects on the relation between total water use and seed yield are discussed. Without taking into account different water supply patterns, a linear relation between total water use (represented by total DM production) and seed yield already explained 75-85% of the variation in seed yield. If different water supply patterns were included in the regression analysis, >90% of the variation in seed yield could be explained. The i-i patterns, compared with d-i, resulted in suboptimum DM partitioning to reproductive organs, but showed a smaller seed yield variability. This indicated that defining and maintaining the optimum level of (mild) water shortage under varying climatological conditions needed further attention. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Evapotranspiration, Water Use Efficiency, Moisture Extraction Pattern and Plant Water Relations of Rape (Brassica campestris) Genotypes in Relation to Root Development under Varying Irrigation Schedules

1990 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Raja ◽  
K. C. Bishnoi
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Plant Water Relations ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Moisture Extraction ◽  
Extraction Pattern ◽  
Use Efficiency

SUMMARYA field experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil at Hisar, India during the autumn seasons 1984–85 and 1985–86 to study root characters, evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, moisture extraction pattern and plant water relations of rape genotypes under varying irrigation schedules. Root volume and dry weight increased, while tap root and lateral root lengths decreased with irrigation. Increased irrigation frequency increased evapotranspiration but decreased water use efficiency. The relative water content and osmotic potential of the leaves increased with more frequent irrigation, but plant water retention capacity decreased. There were genotypic differences between the characters examined.

Nitrogen use and crop type affect the water use of annual crops in south-eastern Australia

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Norton ◽  
N. G. Wachsmann
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

The effect of management and crop selection on water use and profile drying was investigated using 2 series of experiments conducted in the Victorian Wimmera. The effect of applied nitrogen on growth and water use of canola was assessed from 3 field experiments on a Vertosol soil. Across these sites, 140 kg N/ha increased crop water use by a mean of 30 mm, and the biological response averaged 3.68 t/ha of shoot dry matter and seed yield increased by 73% from 1.46 to 2.52 t/ha. The additional nitrogen enabled roots to go deeper into the soil and also to extract water to higher tensions, but the increases in water use were far less than the growth and yield responses. Estimated average soil evaporation was 120 mm across these experiments, but ranged from 26 to 57% of total water use. It was concluded that increased crop vigour in response to applied nitrogen does increase total water use, but the main way that water-use efficiency increases is through reduced soil evaporation. In a second series of experiments, the growth, yield, and water use of wheat, canola, linseed, mustard, and safflower were compared across 4 sites with differing soil moisture contents. Wheat was the highest yielding crop at all sites. Mustard and canola produced similar amounts of biomass and seed yields, whereas linseed produced seed yields that were generally less than the brassica oilseeds. Safflower grew well and produced large amounts of biomass at all sites, but this increased growth did not necessarily translate into increased seed yields. Safflower yielded less seed than all other crops at the 2 dry sites, but yields were similar to canola at the wetter sites. On 2 drier sites, soil water extraction occurred to approximately 1 m for all crops, and all available water was used within that zone by all crops. Where the soil was wet beyond 1 m, safflower was able to extract water from deeper in the profile than the other crops and generated a soil water deficit of about 100 mm more than the other crops at maturity. This deficit persisted into the subsequent autumn–winter period. The potential of using safflower as a management option to extract water from deep in the profile, and so create a soil buffer, is discussed.

Irrigation regime and water consumption of potatoes in the Republic of Bashkortostan, depending on the reclamation condition of lands

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (6) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Guzel Gumerova ◽  
Georgiy Gulyuk ◽  
Dmitry Kucher ◽  
Anatoly Shuravilin ◽  
Elena Piven
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Irrigated Lands ◽  
The Republic

Data of long-term researches (2015–2018) in southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan, is justified theoretically and experimentally the mode of irrigation of potatoes on leached chernozems of unsatisfactory, satisfactory and good ameliorative condition of irrigated lands. For the growing periods of potatoes with different heat and moisture supply, the number of watering, the timing of their implementation, irrigation and irrigation norms are established. On lands with unsatisfactory meliorative state the number of irrigation depending on weather conditions of potato vegetation period varied from 0 to 3 (1.5 on average) with average irrigation norm – 990 m3/ha. With satisfactory meliorative state of lands the number of irrigation on average increased from 0 to 4 (2.3 on average) with irrigation norm – 1305 m3/ha. On lands with good meliorative state the number of irrigation was the highest – from 1 to 5 (3 on average) with average irrigation irrigation norm is 1653 m3/ha. It was noted that in the dry periods of potato vegetation the greatest number of watering was carried out (3–5 watering), and in the wet periods (2017) watering was not carried out except for the area with a good reclamation state, where only one irrigation was carried out by the norm of 550 m3/ha. Water consumption of potato was studied in dynamics as a whole during the growing season and the months of the growing season depending on weather conditions of vegetation period and land reclamation condition of irrigated lands, as well as in the control (without irrigation). The lowest total water consumption was in the area without irrigation and averaged 226.8 mm. In irrigated areas, its values increased to 319-353.4 mm. The average daily water consumption varied from 2.12 to 3.3 mm. The highest rates of potato water consumption were observed in June and July, and the lowest – in May and August. In the total water consumption of potatoes on the site without irrigation, the largest share was occupied by atmospheric precipitation and in addition to them the arrival of moisture from the soil. Irrigation water was used in irrigated areas along with precipitation, the share of which was 30.2–46.1 %.

Analyzing the Effect of Mandatory Water Restrictions on Water Usage

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trey Dronyk-Trosper ◽  
Brandli Stitzel
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Water Restrictions

AbstractAs water rights and water usage become an ever more important part of municipalities’ and states’ way of life, it becomes important to understand what policies can be effective for encouraging conservation of water. One method that has been employed at various times and throughout numerous communities is to limit outdoor watering days. We use a dataset with over 3 million property-month observations during the 2007–2015 period in Norman, Oklahoma, to identify whether the periodic implementation of mandatory water restrictions reduces water usage. Our data allow us to exploit variance in the timing of these water restriction programs. Our findings indicate that this policy reduces water consumption by 0.7 % of total water consumption. Additionally, we use home assessment prices to identify heterogeneity in this response, finding that high priced homes are more responsive to water use restrictions.

scholarly journals Intensified Interspecific Competition for Water after Afforestation with Robinia pseudoacacia into a Native Shrubland in the Taihang Mountains, Northern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 807
Author(s):  
Wanrui Zhu ◽  
Wenhua Li ◽  
Peili Shi ◽  
Jiansheng Cao ◽  
Ning Zong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Water Competition ◽  
Seasonal Water Use

Understanding how soil water source is used spatiotemporally by tree species and if native species can successfully coexist with introduced species is crucial for selecting species for afforestation. In the rocky mountainous areas of the Taihang Mountains, alien Robinia pseudoacacia L. has been widely afforested into the native shrublands dominated by Ziziphus jujuba Mill var. spinosa and Vitex negundo L. var. heterophylla to improve forest coverage and soil nutrients. However, little is known about the water relation among species, especially seasonal water use sources in different microsites. We selected the soil and plant xylem samples of two opposite microtopographic sites (ridge and valley) monthly in the growth season to analyze isotope composition. The proportions of water sources were quantified by the MixSIAR model and compared pairwise between species, microsites and seasons. We found that deep subsoil water at a depth of 40–50 cm contributed up to 50% of the total water uptake for R. pseudoacacia and Z. jujuba in the growing season, indicating that they stably used deeper soil water and had intense water competition. However, V. negundo had a more flexible water use strategy, which derived more than 50% of the total water uptake from the soil layer of 0–10 cm in the rainy season, but majorly captured soil water at a depth of 30–50 cm in the dry season. Therefore, high niche overlaps were shown in V. negundo with the other two species in the dry season, but niche segregation was seen in the rainy season. The microtopographic sites did not shift the seasonal dynamic of the water source use patterns of the three studied species, but the water use niche overlap was higher in the valley than in the ridge. Taken together, the introduced species R. pseudoacacia intensified water competition with the native semi-arbor species Z. jujuba, but it could commonly coexist with the native shrub species V. negundo. Therefore, our study on seasonal water use sources in different microsites provides insight into species interaction and site selection for R. pseudoacacia afforestation in the native shrub community in rocky mountainous areas. It is better to plant R. pseudoacacia in the shrubland in the valley so as to avoid intense water competition and control soil erosion.

ROOTING CAPABILITY AS IT RELATES TO SOIL MOISTURE EXTRACTION AND OSMOTIC POTENTIAL OF SEMIDWARF AND NORMAL-STATURED GENOTYPES OF SIX-ROW BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.)

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. IRVINE ◽  
B. L. HARVEY ◽  
B. G. ROSSNAGEL
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Normal Height ◽  
Rooting Medium ◽  
Moisture Extraction ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

The rooting capabilities of four semidwarf and two normal-statured genotypes were estimated by 32P uptake and extraction of roots from a column of soil. The two height groups did not differ in root volume when the plants were grown in a rooting medium composed of three parts sand and one part topsoil. Rooting was estimated under field conditions by placing 32P in the soil at 15, 30, 60, and 90 cm and measuring 32P activity in the aerial plant portions 15, 30, 45 and 61 days from seeding. Semidwarf and normal-statured types had the same relative distribution of 32P uptake on all days. Water uptake by semidwarf and normal height genotypes was similar over the season in both environments receiving incident rainfall. There was a significant effect of environment on the osmotic potential of the last fully developed leaf. Plants growing in environments with low soil water developed lower osmotic potentials. However, there were no differences in genotypic reponse indicating similar osmotic adjustment. It was concluded that semidwarf and normal genotypes do not differ in rooting water uptake or osmotic adjustment due to plant stature.

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