Current State of Granulometric Composition of Irrigated Meadow-Serozem Soils of Azerbaijan

The article deals with the granulometric composition of irrigated-meadow-gray soils (Irrigic Calcisols). Along with the granulometric composition, the ratio of sand, dust and silt fractions was taken into account. The results of the analysis show that the uneven distribution of dependent silt particles supplied with irrigation water causes a variety in the granulometric composition of irrigated soils. At the same time, the differences in the granulometric composition of irrigated lands and raw soils were identified, and the reasons were studied.

Characterization and Classification of Soils and Water in Major Irrigated Lands of Lake Abaya Chamo Basin.

Large amount of irrigated land under Lake Abaya Chamo basin is becoming unproductive every year because of salinity and sodicity expansion; consequently farmers are leaving their land out of cultivation due to burning of crops. For sustainable land use and Agricultural water management, it is a very important to examine the chemical composition of soils water and status of their quality. Therefore, the study was aimed to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of soils and irrigation water of irrigated lands under Lake Abaya Chamo basin, located in South East rift valley of Ethiopia. The pH of the soil in the study area ranged from (7.24 to 9.04, 7.54 to 7.91), Electrical conductivity (0.388 to 19.22, 0.644 to 23.6) under Lake Abaya and Chamo, respectively. The results of irrigation water quality showed that the water class of lake Abaya Chamo basin is under harzard status of salinity and sodicity and cannot be recommended for irrigation use. There is a potential danger of sodicity and salinity development in the intended lake basin. Thus, selection of salinity and sodicity resistant crop types, proper irrigation water application methods and other chemical mitigation measures should be designed for sustainability of soil and water productivity.

Scientific basis of appropriate sowing of wheat varieties on irrigated land of Uzbekistan

In the irrigated lands of Tashkent province, regionalized wheat varieties are usually planted at a rate of 250 kg/ha, but it would be possible to increase yields and grain quality if a scientifically based optimal sowing rate was recommended for each variety. Another opportunity to increase wheat yields in the region is the development of seed production. Numerous studies and practices have shown that it is possible to increase wheat yields by 20-25 by sowing wheat seeds. In this regard, the most pressing issue is to increase the level of seed germination. In this article, it is important to study the scientifically based sowing norms, physiological maturation of seeds, and their impact on yield and grain quality in order to take full advantage of the potential of regionalized varieties of wheat in irrigated lands. The determination of the most optimal planting norms, taking into account their biological properties, is based on research.

Resource-saving elements in onions growing technology on Nizhjeje Povolzhje region irrigated lands

The aim of this work was to prove many years research (at least two rotations) devoted to the problems of onion growing for industrial purposes on Nizhneje Povolzhje irrigated land. For these purposes, we have selected two farms with typical characteristics and production conditions in Astrakhan and Volgograd regions. During the period of the first rotation (2011-2015), we conducted competitive tests for the number of onion varieties and hybrids introduction and adaptation, as the result of which the zoned variety Volgodonets was selected for the second rotation (2016-2020) as a control and two regionalized hybrids of foreign selection Pandero F1 and Benefit F1. These samples were sown in the selected experimental plots as part of five-field vegetable-grain crop rotations in both farms. As the result, over five years of observations, the Benefit F1 hybrid showed the highest yield of 150.16 t/ha, Pandero F1 - 139.58 t/ha, and the Volgodonets variety - only 69.35 t/ha in Astrakhan region and 129.57 t/ha; 103.10 t/ha; 74.00 t/ha, respectively, in Volgograd region. The highest profitability indicator was provided by the Benefit F1 hybrid, which amounted to 87.94%.

The human-baited host decoy trap (HDT) is an efficient sampling device for exophagic malaria mosquitoes within irrigated lands in southern Malawi

Irrigation schemes provide an ideal habitat for Anopheles mosquitoes particularly during the dry season. Reliable estimates of outdoor host-seeking behaviour are needed to assess the impact of vector control options and this is particularly the case for Anopheles arabiensis which displays a wide range of behaviours that circumvent traditional indoor-insecticide based control. In this study we compared the Host Decoy Trap (HDT) with the Human Landing Catch (HLC) and Suna trap in a repeated Latin square design in two villages on an irrigated sugar estate in southern Malawi. Over the course of 18 trapping nights we caught 379 female Anopheles, the majority of which were identified as An. arabiensis. Overall, the HDT and HLC caught a similar number of Anopheles per night with both methods catching significantly higher densities than the Suna trap across both villages. Regardless of the density of Anopheles mosquitoes in each village the HLC and HDT demonstrated broadly similar sampling efficacy. We conclude that the HDT is an effective sampling device for outdoor host seeking An. arabiensis in southern Malawi. The presence of An. arabiensis in irrigated lands during the dry season poses a challenge for ongoing indoor vector control efforts.

Innovative technologies of irrigation reclamation in the production of potatoes and vegetables

В зонах дефицита естественного увлажнения (Краснодарский, Ставропольский края, Саратовская, Волгоградская, Астраханская области) высокие урожаи картофеля и овощей можно получать только на орошаемых землях. В зонах неустойчивого естественного увлажнения (Центрально-Черноземный район, Центральный район, Алтайский край) оросительные мелиорации обеспечивают получение стабильных и высоких урожаев этих культур. С 2005 по 2020 годы площадь орошаемых земель в России увеличилась с 4,55 до 4,63 млн га. Орошаемые площади в основном увеличивались за счет овощных полей. На орошаемых землях начинают использовать дистанционные технологии зондирования с. – х. земель. По сигналам частотных каналов определяют нормализованный разностный вегетационный индекс NDVI, индекс влажности поверхности Земли LSWI. Известные технологии не позволяют дистанционно установить сроки поливов овощных культур и картофеля. Предлагаемая технология включает создание маркерных участков, установление сроков поливов массива орошения по индексам NDVI зондирования растений маркерного участка. Размещали не менее одного маркерного участка на 100 га. Площадь маркерного участка не менее 200 м2. Норма внесения азотных удобрений на маркерном участке на 50–70% превышает норму внесения удобрений на остальном массиве орошения. На маркерном участке отмечали интенсивное подвядание листьев растений при NDVI менее 0,4. В этот момент назначали полив всего массива орошения. Особенности технологии показаны на результатах математического моделирования динамики NDVI, влажности почвы на маркерном участке и массиве орошения в условиях Саратовской области. Культура – картофель, нормы внесения удобрений на массиве орошения – N40P30K35, на маркерном участке – N65P30K35, урожайность – 39 т/га, почвы каштановые, среднесуглинистые, климатические показатели среднемноголетние. Определение индекса NDVI по сигналам зондирования, установление сроков поливов выполняется с использованием данных градиентного влагомера влажности почвы и технологии обучения искусственного интеллекта системы управления орошением. Программно-инструментальный комплекс, включающий маркерный участок, градиентный влагомер и искусственный интеллект системы управления орошением обеспечат экологическую безопасность и высокую эффективность производства картофеля и овощей. In zones of deficiency of natural moisture (Krasnodar, Stavropol territories, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan regions) high yields of potatoes and vegetables can be obtained only on irrigated lands. In zones of unstable natural moisture (Central Black Earth region, Central region, Altai territory) irrigation reclamation ensures stable and high yields of these crops. From 2005 to 2020, the area of irrigated lands in Russia increased from 4.55 to 4.63 million ha. Irrigated areas were mainly increased due to vegetable fields. Remote sensing technologies for agricultural land are beginning to be used on irrigated lands. The signals of the frequency channels are used to determine the normalized difference vegetation index NDVI, the moisture index of the Earth's surface LSWI. The known technologies do not allow remotely setting the timing of watering vegetables and potatoes. The proposed technology includes the creation of marker plots, the establishment of the timing of irrigation of the irrigation array according to the NDVI indices of plant sounding of the marker plot. Place at least one marker plot per 100 hectares. The area of the marker plot is not less than 200 m2. The rate of application of nitrogen fertilizers on the marker plot is 50–70% higher than the rate of application of fertilizers on the rest of the irrigation area. In the marker plot, there is an intense wilting of plant leaves with an NDVI less than 0.4. At this moment, watering of the entire irrigation array is scheduled. The features of the technology are shown on the results of mathematical modeling of the dynamics of NDVI, soil moisture on the marker plot and the irrigation array in the Saratov region. Crop – potatoes, fertilization rates on the irrigated array – N40P30K35, on the marker plot – N65P30K35, yield – 39 t/ha, chestnut soils, medium loamy, climatic indicators are average long-term. Determination of the NDVI index based on sounding signals, setting the timing of irrigation is performed using data from a gradient soil moisture meter and artificial intelligence training technology for an irrigation control system. A software and instrumental complex including a marker section, a gradient moisture meter and an artificial intelligence of the irrigation control system will ensure environmental safety and high efficiency in the production of potatoes and vegetables.

Assessment of the dynamics of the main agrochemical indicators of irrigated chestnut soils under risk farming conditions in Stavropol

Irrigation is an important element of agricultural production in the arid conditions of the Stavropol Territory. The combination of irrigation, chemicalization and complex mechanization provides highly productive use of land that requires specific scientific support. The purpose of the research is to identify differences in the dynamics of the main agrochemical indicators (organic matter, pH, mobile phosphorus, mobile potassium) on irrigated and non-irrigated chestnut soils. The object of research is chestnut soils located in an extremely arid climatic zone of the Stavropol Territory. The data of complex monitoring of soil fertility in the Apanasenkovsky district were used as the source material. The data for the period from 1991 to 2020 were prepared by the staff of the State Center for Agrochemical Service “Stavropolsky”. The content of soil organic matter was determined by the Tyurin method in the modification of CINAO. Mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium were determined by the Machigin method in the modification of CINAO. The value of the hydrogen pH index of the aqueous suspension was determined by the potentiometric method. The content of organic matter in chestnut soils increased from 1.8 to 2.0–2.1% both on irrigated and non-irrigated lands. A tendency to leaching of irrigated lands by 0.2 units has been revealed; therefore, in this case, it is recommended to use chemical ameliorants. Moreover, on irrigation, an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus (from 0.8 to 4.0 mg/kg) compared to non-irrigated areas was revealed. The reason for this is the increased doses of phosphorus-containing fertilizers applied during irrigation. During the study period, the content of mobile potassium increased from 77 to 93 mg/kg irrigated chestnut soils compared to non-irrigated ones. The negative dynamics in the content of mobile potassium on irrigation was revealed. It amounted to 364 mg/kg (as of 2020), which is lower than the data of the previous survey period by 81 mk/kg. Particular attention should be paid to the use of potash fertilizers since there is increased removal of this element, despite the high potash potential of chestnut soils in the arid zone of the Stavropol Territory.