Socioeconomic status and fertility in rural Bangladesh

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Shaikh ◽  
S. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Demographic Surveillance System ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Fertility Differentials ◽  
Education Of Women ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Household Heads

SummaryUsing a unique set of birth registration data from the Demographic Surveillance System of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, for the period 1974–77, and socioeconomic information collected in the 1974 census, fertility was studied in relation to occupation, size of dwelling, number of cows and number of boats owned. The total fertility rate was found to vary between 6 and 6·5 except in the famine year of 1975. There was no consistent relationship between fertility and education of women. Fertility differentials by occupation showed that the household heads who were farm labourers had relatively lower fertility compared to other occupational groups, except for the year 1977 where the families of service holders were found to have relatively lower fertility. There was a consistent direct relationship between the dwelling size and fertility for each of the years.

Differentials of fertility between polygynous and monogamous marriages in rural Bangladesh

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashem Shaikh ◽  
K. M. A. Aziz ◽  
A. I. Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Fertility Differentials ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Polygynous Marriage

SummaryThis paper discusses polygynous marriages in rural Bangladesh, using marital status and birth registration data from the Demographic Surveillance System of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, for the period 1975–79. Of all the marriages recorded during this period about 5% were polygynous. To identify the women polygynously married, 1974 census data of the DSS area were used. The difference in age at marriage between the polygynous groom and his subsequent wife was 15 years on average. The socioeconomic indicators studied were education, occupation and area of dwelling space. In general, these indicators differentially influence polygynous marriage. The fertility differentials between women in monogamous marriages were significantly higher than between the women in polygynous unions.

Sociodemographic differentials in mortality during the 1974–75 famine in a rural area of Bangladesh

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdur Razzaque
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Demographic Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Household Socioeconomic Status

SummaryThis study investigates the socio-demographic differentials in mortality during the 1974–75 famine in a rural area of Bangladesh. It is based on household socioeconomic information collected in the 1974 census and registration data on births, deaths and migrations for the period 1974–79 from the Demographic Surveillance System of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Ownership of selected household items was considered in the analysis as an indicator of household socioeconomic status. Mortality was 62% higher during the famine period and 31% higher during the post-famine period compared to the non-famine period. The mortality of both the poor and the rich increased during the famine period, by 117% and 28% respectively compared to the non-famine period. The poor suffered significantly in all age groups except 5–14 years, while the rich suffered only for ages 65 and over. Poor males suffered more than poor females except for ages 65 and over, while rich females suffered more than rich males except for ages under 1 year.

Effect of Famine on Fertility in a, Rural Area of Bangladesh

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdur Razzaque
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Demographic Surveillance System ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Household Socioeconomic Status

SummaryThis study investigates the effects of the 1974–75 famine on differential fertility in a rural population of Bangladesh, using information on household socioeconomic status collected in the 1974 census, and registration data on births, deaths and migrations for the period 1974–77 from the Demographic Surveillance System of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Occupation of household head was taken as a measure of socioeconomic status. Total fertility rates were analysed for three periods: pre-famine, famine and post-famine. Overall fertility declined due to the famine by 34%, but this was compensated partially by a 17% increase in the post-famine period. Fertility of women of all ages and socioeconomic groups was affected by the famine, a more pronounced effect being observed among the poor. Fertility showed a higher post-famine recovery among women in the middle socioeconomic groups and in those aged 25–34 years.

scholarly journals Changing childhood malnutrition in Bangladesh: trends over the last two decades in urban–rural differentials (1993–2012)

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1718-1727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumon Kumar Das ◽  
Mohammod Jobayer Chisti ◽  
Mohammad Abdul Malek ◽  
Jui Das ◽  
Mohammed Abdus Salam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Demographic Surveillance System ◽  
Childhood Malnutrition ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Weight For Age

AbstractObjectiveThe present study determined trends in malnutrition among under-5 children in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.DesignSurveillance.SettingThe study was conducted in the urban Dhaka and the rural Matlab hospitals of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, where every fiftieth patient and all patients coming from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System were enrolled.SubjectsA total of 28 816 under-5 children were enrolled at Dhaka from 1993 to 2012 and 11 533 at Matlab between 2000 and 2012.ResultsIn Dhaka, 46 % of the children were underweight, 39 % were stunted and 28 % were wasted. In Matlab, the corresponding figures were 39 %, 31 % and 26 %, respectively. At Dhaka, 0·5 % of the children were overweight and obese when assessed by weight-for-age Z-score >+2·00, 1·4 % by BMI-for-age Z-score >+2·00 and 1·4 % by weight-for-height Z-score >+2·00; in Matlab the corresponding figures were 0·5 %, 1·4 % and 1·4 %, respectively. In Dhaka, the proportion of underweight, stunting and wasting decreased from 59 % to 28 % (a 53 % reduction), from 54 % to 22 % (59 % reduction) and from 33 % to 21 % (36 % reduction), respectively, between 1993 and 2012. In Matlab, these indicators decreased from 51 % to 27 % (a 47 % reduction), from 36 % to 25 % (31 % reduction) and from 34 % to 14 % (59 % reduction), respectively, from 2000 to 2012. On the other hand, the proportion of overweight (as assessed by BMI-for-age Z-score) increased significantly over the study period in both Dhaka (from 0·6 % to 2·6 %) and Matlab (from 0·8 % to 2·2 %).ConclusionsThe proportion of malnourished under-5 children has decreased gradually in both urban and rural Bangladesh; however, the reduction rates are not in line with meeting Millennium Development Goal 1. Trends for increasing childhood obesity have been noted during the study period as well.

scholarly journals Vibrio cholerae O139 persists in Dhaka, Bangladesh since 1993

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. e0009721
Author(s):  
Irin Parvin ◽  
Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayeem Bin Shahid ◽  
Subhasish Das ◽  
Lubaba Shahrin ◽  
Mst. Mahmuda Ackhter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Demographic Surveillance System ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae O139 ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms

Background After a multi-country Asian outbreak of cholera due to Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 which started in 1992, it is rarely detected from any country in Asia and has not been detected from patients in Africa. Methodology/Principal findings We extracted surveillance data from the Dhaka and Matlab Hospitals of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) to review trends in isolation of Vibrio cholerae O139 in Bangladesh. Data from the Dhaka Hospital is a 2% sample of > 100,000 diarrhoeal patients treated annually. Data from the Matlab Hospital includes all diarrhoeal patients who hail from the villages included in the Matlab Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Vibrio cholerae O139 was first isolated in Dhaka in 1993 and had been isolated every year since then except for a gap between 2005 and 2008. An average of thirteen isolates was detected annually from the Dhaka Hospital during the last ten years, yielding an estimated 650 cases annually at this hospital. During the last ten years, cases due to serogroup O139 represented 0.47% of all cholera cases; the others being due to serogroup O1. No cases with serogroup O139 were identified at Matlab since 2006. Clinical signs and symptoms of cholera due to serogroup O139 were similar to cases due to serogroup O1 though more of the O139 cases were not dehydrated. Most isolates of O139 remained sensitive to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin, but they became resistant to erythromycin starting in 2009. Conclusions/Significance Cholera due to Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 continues to cause typical cholera in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

MEN’S INVOLVEMENT IN FAMILY PLANNING IN RURAL BANGLADESH

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 815-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
JILL CLARK ◽  
KATHRYN M. YOUNT ◽  
ROGER ROCHAT
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Contraceptive Prevalence ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Men’S Involvement

SummaryContraceptive prevalence has risen markedly in rural Bangladesh due in part to a doorstep-delivery system initiated by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B). This study investigates effects of residence in the Matlab MCH-FP treatment area on men’s involvement in family planning. The analysis compares for treatment and comparison areas knowledge of and attitudes toward contraception, as well as levels of contraceptive use, among 413 married men interviewed at the baseline of an ICDDR,B men’s involvement project. Although residence in the MCH-FP area is associated with a higher overall contraceptive prevalence, it also is associated with a lower adjusted ratio of male-to-female method use, and lower odds of other indicators of men’s involvement in family planning. Historical decisions to exclude men from contraceptive decision-making may place the ‘burden’ of contraception on women and may preclude the productive involvement of men. These and other implications and strategies for increased men’s involvement are discussed.

Barriers to seeking timely treatment for severe childhood pneumonia in rural Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2021-321993
Author(s):  
Kamal Ibne Amin Chowdhury ◽  
Ishrat Jabeen ◽  
Mahfuzur Rahman ◽  
Abu Syed Golam Faruque ◽  
Nur H Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Childhood Pneumonia ◽  
Delayed Treatment ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Facility Level ◽  
Rural Mothers

ObjectiveDelays in seeking medical attention for childhood pneumonia may lead to increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed at identifying the drivers of delayed seeking of treatment for severe childhood pneumonia in rural Bangladesh.MethodsWe conducted a formative study from June to September 2015 in one northern district of Bangladesh. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 rural mothers of children under 5 years with moderate or severe pneumonia. We analysed the data thematically.ResultsWe found that mothers often failed to assess severity of pneumonia accurately due to lack of knowledge or misperception about symptoms of pneumonia. Several factors delayed timely steps that could lead to initiation of appropriate treatment. They included time lost in consultation with non-formal practitioners, social norms that required mothers to seek permission from male household heads (eg, husbands) before they could seek healthcare for their children, avoiding community-based public health centres due to their irregular schedules, lack of medical supplies, shortage of hospital beds and long distance of secondary or tertiary hospitals from households. Financial hardships and inability to identify a substitute caregiver for other children at home while the mother accompanied the sick child in hospital were other factors.ConclusionsThis study identified key social, economic and infrastructural factors that lead to delayed treatment for childhood pneumonia in the study district in rural Bangladesh. Interventions that inform mothers and empower women in the decision to seek healthcare, as well as improvement of infrastructure at the facility level could lead to improved behaviour in seeking and getting treatment of childhood pneumonia in rural Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Analysis of Latin American Fertility in Terms of Probable Social Classes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Felipe Castro Torres
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Fertility Differentials ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Ideational Change ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Latin American Countries

Abstract Theories of demographic change have not paid enough attention to how factors associated with fertility decline play different roles across social classes that are defined multidimensionally. I use a multidimensional definition of social class along with information on the reproductive histories of women born between 1920 and 1965 in six Latin American countries to show the following: the enduring connection between social stratification and fertility differentials, the concomitance of diverse fertility decline trajectories by class, and the role of within- and between-class social distances in promoting/preventing ideational change towards the acceptance of lower fertility. These results enable me to revisit the scope of theories of fertility change and to provide an explanatory narrative centred on empirically constructed social classes (probable social classes) and the macro- and micro-level conditions that influenced their life courses. I use 21 census samples collected between 1970 and 2005 in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Paraguay.

scholarly journals Prevalence, Clinical Features, and Outcome of Pseudomonas Bacteremia in Under-Five Diarrheal Children in Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhana Akram ◽  
Mark A.C. Pietroni ◽  
Pradip Kumar Bardhan ◽  
Samira Bibi ◽  
Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
Keyword(s):  
Chart Review ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Hospital Management System

We sought to evaluate the prevalence, associated factors, and outcome of under-five diarrheal children with either sex having Pseudomonas bacteremia. A retrospective chart review of under-five diarrheal children admitted to the Dhaka Hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), from January 2011 to December 2011 was performed using an online hospital management system. Children with Pseudomonas bacteremia constituted the cases (n = 31), and the controls (n = 124), without Pseudomonas bacteremia, were randomly selected. The prevalence of Pseudomonas bacteremia was 1% (31/5,179). The Pseudomonas was multidrug resistant but was 84% sensitive to ceftazidime and 100% to imipenem. The case-fatality rate was significantly higher among the cases than the controls (26% versus 5%; P = 0.003). In logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for potential confounders such as severe wasting, severe underweight, severe pneumonia, and young age (11.71 (4.0, 18.0) months), the cases more often presented with absent peripheral pulses in absence of dehydration (95% CI = 2.31–24.45) on admission. This finding underscores the importance of early identification of this simple clinical sign to ensure prompt management including fluid resuscitation and broad spectrum antibiotics to help reduce morbidity and mortality in such children, especially in resource-poor settings.

Geographical diversity in seasonality of major diarrhoeal pathogens in Bangladesh observed between 2010 and 2012

2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (12) ◽  
pp. 2530-2541 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. DAS ◽  
D. BEGUM ◽  
S. AHMED ◽  
F. FERDOUS ◽  
F. D. FARZANA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Poisson Regression Model ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Appropriate Therapy ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
High Disease Burden

SUMMARYThe study aimed to determine the geographical diversity in seasonality of major diarrhoeal pathogens among 21 138 patients enrolled between 2010 and 2012 in two urban and two rural sites in Bangladesh under the surveillance system of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b). Distinct patterns in seasonality were found for rotavirus diarrhoea which peaked in winter across the sites (December and January) and dipped during the rainy season (May) in urban Dhaka, August in Mirpur and July in Matlab, equated by time-series analysis using quasi-Poisson regression model. Significant seasonality for shigellosis was observed in Dhaka and rural Mirzapur. Cholera had robust seasonality in Dhaka and Matlab in the hot and rainy seasons. For enterotoxogenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) diarrhoea, clearly defined seasonality was observed in Dhaka (summer). Understanding the seasonality of such pathogens can improve case management with appropriate therapy, allowing policy-makers to identify periods of high disease burden.

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