Side effects and discontinuation of oral contraceptive use in southern Brazil

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Janowitz ◽  
Thomas T. Kane ◽  
Jose Maria Arruda ◽  
Deborah L. Covington ◽  
Leo Morris
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
Contraceptive Prevalence

SummaryThe subsequent contraceptive behaviour following reported side effects in users of oral contraceptives in the southern region of Brazil is examined in relation to discontinuation of pill use, changing to other methods, termination of contraceptive use, the role of the physician in influencing a woman's decision to discontinue pill use, and discontinuation according to the type of problem experienced.In 2904 currently married women, aged 15–44, almost 75% reported that they had used the pill at some time, and of these 45.6% were still doing so. Women who reported problems with the pill were less likely to be current users (25%) than the women who did not (65%). However, overall contraceptive prevalence was about the same in both groups. Women who stop using oral contraceptives are more likely to be using traditional methods than women in the general population, especially if they want more children. Termination of pill use varies little according to the type of problem reported. Women with problems who sought medical attention were more likely to stop using the pill and so were women advised to stop by their physician, but the major factor affecting discontinuation was the reported experience of a problem.

scholarly journals The risk of breast, cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer in oral contraceptive users

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 657-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Veljkovic ◽  
Slavimir Veljkovic
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
Increased Risk

Introduction. Oral contraceptives, mainly combined monophasic pills, are widely used by young women who expect their physicians to prescribe them safe drugs which will not harm their health and which will simplify their life. Numerous epidemiologic studies have been performed to determine the relation between oral contraceptive use and the development of neoplasms. Breast cancer. An increased incidence of breast cancer has occurred simultaneously with the growing use of oral contraceptives. The possibility of a link between the oral contraceptive use and breast cancer has led to intensive research, but studies have provided inconsistent results causing confusion among clinicians. It was noticed that the risk of breast cancer was slightly elevated in current and recent young oral contraceptives users. That finding could be influenced by a detection bias or could be due to the biologic effect of the pills. The absolute number of additional breast cancer cases will be very small because of low baseline incidence of the disease in young women. Oral contraceptives probably promote growth of the already existing cancer, they are probably promoters not initiators of breast cancer. The available data do not provide a conclusive answer that is need. Cervical cancer. Numerous factors may influence the development of cervical cancer. The evidence suggests that current and recent oral contraceptive users have an increased risk of cervical cancer which decline after discontinuation of the application of medication. Oral contraceptives might increase the biological vulnerability of the cervix. Cervical cancer develops slowly over a long time period and can be effectively prevented by periodic cervical screening. Fortunately, oral contraceptives do not mask abnormal cervical citology. Conclusions regarding invasive cervical cancer and oral contraceptive use are not definitive but if there is any increased risk, it is low. Endometrial cancer. In oral contraceptive users the endometrium is almost under the influence of progestin component which suppresses endometrial mitotic activity and its proliferation. Most epidemiologic studies show that oral contraceptives reduce the risk of endometrial cancer and that this protective effect exists many years after the discontinuation of medication. Ovarian cancer. It has been long known that the oral contraceptive use causes protective an ovulation and reduces the risk of ovarian cancer. This powerful reduction is the best demonstrated major benefit of oral contraception. This protection is especially observed in nulliparous and seems to persist for many years after the discontinuation of medication.

The use of oral contraceptives in women over age 35 years

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Robert F Casper ◽  
Selim Senoz ◽  
Avraham Ben-Chetrit
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Older Woman ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Europe Today ◽  
The Impact

Oral contraceptives remain the most widely used form of contraception in North America and Europe today. In spite of the concerns of many women relating to the potential risks of these preparations, recent data have demonstrated that currently available oral contraceptives are safe, with no increased risk of cardiovascular disease or cancer in nonsmoking women. The present review will focus on the impact of oral contraceptive use in the older woman, including a discussion of the noncontraceptive health benefits of oral contraceptives.

Associations of oral contraceptive use and dietary restraint with bone speed of sound and bone turnover in university-aged women

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gioia Di Giovanni ◽  
Brian D. Roy ◽  
Kimberley L. Gammage ◽  
Diane Mack ◽  
Panagiota Klentrou
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Bone Turnover ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Dietary Restraint ◽  
Type I ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
Bone Speed Of Sound

The associations of oral contraceptive use and cognitive dietary restraint with bone speed of sound (SOS) and bone turnover were investigated in 100 Canadian university-aged women (18–25 years old). Dietary restraint was assessed using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) and daily calcium intake (Ca++) was assessed by the rapid assessment method. Quantitative ultrasound was used to measure SOS at the tibia and radius. Bone formation was estimated from plasma osteocalcin (OC), 25-OH vitamin D, and serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP). Bone resorption was determined from serum cross-linked N-teleopeptide of type I collagen (NTx) and plasma C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx). Weekly physical activity energy expenditure (WAeq) was assessed using a standardized questionnaire, and height, body mass, relative body fat (%BF), and chest, waist, and hip circumferences were also measured. Participants were divided into low and moderate to high dietary restrainers (LDRs and MDRs, respectively). These groups were further sub-divided into users and non-users of oral contraceptives. All groups had similar age at menarche, body composition, WAeq, and equally low levels of Ca++and vitamin D. Within the non-users of oral contraceptives, MDR exhibited a lower tibial SOS (p ≤ 0.024) and OC (p ≤ 0.009) than LDR. Moreover, amongst the LDR, the oral contraceptive users had a lower tibial SOS (p ≤ 0.015) and BAP (p ≤ 0.002) than non-users. These results show that bone SOS and bone turnover were influenced by oral contraceptives and cognitive dietary restraint among this population of young women independent of body composition and physical activity.

Does the Use of Oral Contraception Depress DZ Twinning Rates?

1987 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Campbell ◽  
B. Thompson ◽  
C. Pritchard ◽  
M. Samphier
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Oral Contraception ◽  
Secular Trends ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use

AbstractData based on total births from a geographically defined population with zygosity determined from blood samples and placentation and with data on the use of oral contraceptives routinely collected in early pregnancy showed no association between oral contraceptive use prior to pregnancy in either MZ or DZ twinning. Three mutually exclusive control groups of singletons were used to take account of age, parity and secular trends.

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