FERTILITY DECLINE DRIVEN BY POVERTY: THE CASE OF ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
ESHETU GURMU ◽  
RUTH MACE
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Economic Stress ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depth Interviews

SummaryDemographic transition theory states that fertility declines in response to development, thus wealth and fertility are negatively correlated. Evolutionary theory, however, suggests a positive relationship between wealth and fertility. Fertility transition as a result of industrialization and economic development started in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Western Europe; and it extended to some of the Asian and Latin American countries later on. However, economic crises since the 1980s have been co-incident with fertility decline in sub-Sahara Africa and other developing countries like Thailand, Nepal and Bangladesh in the last decade of the 20th century. A very low level of fertility is observed in Addis Ababa (TFR=1·9) where contraceptive prevalence rate is modest and recurrent famine as well as drought have been major causes of economic crisis in the country for more than three consecutive decades, which is surprising given the high rural fertility. Detailed socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of 2976 women of reproductive age (i.e. 15–49 years) residing in Addis Ababa were collected during the first quarter of 2003 using an event history calendar and individual women questionnaire. Controlling for the confounding effects of maternal birth cohort, education, marital status and accessible income level, the poor (those who have access to less than a dollar per day or 250 birr a month) were observed to elongate the timing of having first and second births, while relatively better-off women were found to have shorter birth intervals. Results were also the same among the ever-married women only model. More than 50% of women currently in their 20s are also predicted to fail to reproduce as most of the unmarried men and women are ‘retreating from marriage’ due to economic stress. Qualitative information collected through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews also supports the statistical findings that poverty is at the root of this collapse in fertility. Whilst across countries wealth and fertility have been negatively correlated, this study shows that within one uniform population the relationship is clearly positive.

Nomadic Migration and Rural Violence in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-95
Author(s):  
Nsemba Edward Lenshie ◽  
Patience Kondu Jacob
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Migration Pattern ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Security Governance ◽  
North East ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depth Interviews

The relationship between Fulani herdsmen and farmers has in recent years become hot-tempered motivated by competitive control of land resources, particularly in central and north-east Nigeria. In Taraba State, the ongoing nomadic migration pattern from the Sahel in quest of pastures has led to violent confrontation between Fulani herdsmen and farming indigenous natives. Using a descriptive approach consisting of documented evidence, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions, the analysis revealed that conflicts between Fulani herdsmen and indigenous native farmers have culminated in population displacement and destruction of life and property in numerous rural enclaves in Taraba State. Despite the consequences of the conflicts, the Taraba State government was unable to act proactively because of the centralization of command over Nigerian security agencies. Accordingly, the study suggests decentralization of security agencies in Nigeria, especially the police, as the way forward for effective security governance in Nigeria.

Innovation and collaboration in traditional food chain networks

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Gellynck ◽  
Bianka Kühne
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Product Innovation ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Innovation Competence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depth Interviews

This paper aims to explore innovations implemented by SMEs in the traditional food sector and how chain network members are contributing to this process. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted with suppliers, food manufacturers and customers in three European countries with different cultural backgrounds (Italy, Hungary and Belgium). The results show that the members of traditional food chain networks focus mainly on product innovation and least on organisational innovation. Collaboration between the chain network members is an important factor for enhancing the innovation competence of the firms. However, the collaboration intensity depends on the position of the members in the chain network. Further studies could focus on quantitative research to determine whether a higher level of collaboration among all chain network members leads to a higher level of innovation competence in SMEs. Moreover, the direction of the relationship between innovation competence and collaboration should be explored.

Maternal absence and transnational female labour migration; implications for the left-behind child

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleh Seid Adema
Keyword(s):  
Labour Migration ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depth Interviews

Purpose As migration of family members becomes an omnipresent phenomenon, the conventional norm of having a family and living under the same roof together is far from normal for many households. It produces transnational practices and multisite lifestyle configurations. This study aims to explore the implication of maternal absence as a result of transnational labour migration on the left-behind child in the context of transnational labour migration from Ethiopia. Design/methodology/approach It focusses on the perspective of those who stayed behind. The ethnographic fieldwork was carried out in two rural villages – Bulebullo and Bokekesa – of Worebabbo district in Northern Ethiopia. It involved in-depth interviews with children and their caregivers supported by interviews and group discussions with members of the community, local officials and traditional leaders. Findings Transnational mothering and other mothering emerge as new practices of mothering in the rural villages due to maternal absence have interrelated implications and meanings for the left-behind child. However, the rigidity of sending societies’ norms related to mothering and gendered labour dynamics exacerbated the negative implications of maternal absence on left-behind children. The absence of the fathers’ effort to redefine mothering or fathering by providing childcare is part of the equation in the relationship between maternal absence and left-behind children. Originality/value The findings of this study refute the notion that labels mother’s out-migration as “abandoning children”, “disrupting families” and “acts of selfishness”.

The Fall of Fertility in Tasmania, Australia, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 120-144
Author(s):  
Helen Moyle
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Birth Spacing ◽  
Vital Registration ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Vital Registration Data ◽  
English Speaking

The paper examines the fall of marital fertility in Tasmania, the second settled Australian colony, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The paper investigates when marital fertility fell, whether the fall was mainly due to stopping or spacing behaviours, and why it fell at this time. The database used for the research was created by reconstituting the birth histories of couples marrying in Tasmania in 1860, 1870, 1880 and 1890, using digitised 19th century Tasmanian vital registration data plus many other sources. Despite Tasmania’s location on the other side of the world, the fertility decline had remarkable similarities with the historical fertility decline in continental Western Europe, England and other English-speaking countries. Fertility started to decline in the late 1880s and the fertility decline became well established during the 1890s. The fall in fertility in late 19th century Tasmania was primarily due to the practice of stopping behaviour in the 1880 and 1890 cohorts, although birth spacing was also used as a strategy by the 1890 cohort. The findings provide support for some of the prominent theories of fertility transition.

Challenges and Opportunities for the Development and Management of Urban Green Areas in Addis Ababa

2015 ◽  
pp. 79-97
Author(s):  
Gebrye Kefelew ◽  
Tebarek Lika
Keyword(s):  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Street Trees ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cooperative Housing ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
Development And Management ◽  
Depth Interviews

This chapter examines the challenges of, and opportunities for, the development and management of cooperative housing green areas and street trees. To deal with this issue effectively, the study employed mixed research methods and used questionnaires, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, observations and desk reviews, for the purposes of data collection. The findings of this study identify a lack of awareness on the part of the public and of government employees, weak institutional capacities, a lack of coordination among stakeholders, and the absence of clear ownership and enforcement mechanisms, as representing the major challenges impacting the development and management of cooperative housing green areas and street trees. Therefore, in order to develop and manage these green areas properly, the study recommends that the good will, the coordination and the efforts of all stakeholders, including communities, government authority, and non-governmental bodies, be enhanced and duly coordinated.

scholarly journals Trends in fertility preference implementation among selected Eastern African countries

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Vincent Otieno ◽  
Alfred Agwanda Otieno ◽  
Anne Khasakhala
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Fertility Preferences ◽  
Fertility Preference ◽  
Family Planning Programs ◽  
Substantial Decline

Background: There has been continuous debate among scholars regarding fertility transition in Africa. Two conclusions emerge: slow pace of decline because of weak facilitating social programs and high demand for large families amidst weak family planning programs. Accelerated fertility decline is expected to occur if there is both substantial decline in desired fertility and increased level of preference implementation. Despite these conclusions, there are also emergent exceptions in Africa, even among the Eastern African countries. Our motivation for the study of this region therefore lies in this context. First, the East African countries share some similarities in policy framework. Secondly, Rwanda and Kenya appear as exceptional in the drive towards accelerating further fertility decline. Fertility change therefore in any one country may have implications in the neighbouring country due to the commonalities especially in language, cultural traits, diffusion and spread new models of behaviour. Methods: With the utilization of DHS data, we analyse trends overtime in two specific features that scholars have indicated to slow or increase fertility decline. Using Bongaarts supply-demand framework, we first deduce trends in fertility preferences among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) and second, the extent to which women have been able to implement their fertility preferences during the course of fertility decline and subsequently decomposing these trends. Results: We found that with the rising aggregate of the degree of fertility preference implementation index, continuous declining trends in demand for births and subsequent increases in the contribution made by either or both the wanted fertility and the degree of fertility preference implementation index across categories that fertility transition is certainly on course in all countries albeit at different levels, thanks to the family planning. Conclusions: Family planning programs must therefore be accompanied by rigorous, consistent sensitization and public education.

scholarly journals Sexual Attitudes, Beliefs, Practices, and HIV Risk During Pregnancy and Post-delivery: A Qualitative Study in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia H. Ryan ◽  
Alinda Young ◽  
Petina Musara ◽  
Krishnaveni Reddy ◽  
Nicole Macagna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Sexual Beliefs ◽  
Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽  
Willingness To Use ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depth Interviews

AbstractWomen who acquire HIV during the pregnancy and breastfeeding periods have a higher risk of transmitting the virus to their child than women who become infected with HIV before pregnancy. We explore the context of sexual beliefs and practices that may shape both HIV risk and willingness to use HIV prevention products during pregnancy and postpartum in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Twenty-three single sex focus group discussions and 36 in-depth interviews took place between May and November 2018 with recently pregnant or breastfeeding women, men, mothers and mothers-in-law of pregnant or breastfeeding women, and key informants. Participants across study groups and sites (N = 232) reported various perceived benefits and harms of sex during pregnancy and postpartum. Participants discussed reasons why men might seek sex outside of the relationship. There is a critical need for alternative prevention options to protect pregnant and breastfeeding women from HIV.

HOW DOES THE SPREAD OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLING INFLUENCE THE FERTILITY TRANSITION? EVIDENCE FROM RURAL NEPAL

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIMONE SILVA ◽  
DAVID R. HOTCHKISS
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
District Level ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Secondary Schooling ◽  
Rural Nepal

SummaryFrom 1996 to 2006, Nepal experienced a substantial fertility decline, with the total fertility rate dropping from 4.6 to 3.1 births per woman. This study examines the associations between progress towards universal primary and secondary schooling and fertility decline in rural Nepal. Several hypotheses regarding mechanisms through which education affects current fertility behaviour are tested, including: the school environment during women's childhood; current availability of schools; knowledge of educational costs; and women's own educational attainment. Data for the analysis come from the 2003–04 Nepal Living Standards Survey, a nationally representative random sample of households, which includes detailed data on fertility, household expenditure, educational attainment, demographic characteristics and the use of social services. Census and administrative data are also used to construct district-level gross enrolment ratios for primary and secondary schools during the women's childhood. Discrete dependent variable modelling techniques are used to estimate the effects of the following variables on the probability of women giving birth in a given year: district-level gross enrolment ratios for primary and secondary schools during women's childhood; having had a child previously in school; women's own educational level; current school availability; and other covariates. Separate models are estimated for the overall sample of rural women of reproductive age, and for parity-specific sub-samples. The results suggest that district-level gross enrolment ratios for secondary schools and, in some instances, having had a previous child enrolled in school are significant determinants of fertility in rural areas. These results are highly independent of women's own educational levels. Overall, the results suggest that, in the rural Nepal context, mass schooling influences the fertility transition through both community- and household-level pathways.

scholarly journals Las clases medias y los desafíos de la participación: procesos de ciudadanización en la producción de ciudad (La Plata, Argentina. 2013-2015).

2021 ◽  
pp. 223-241
Author(s):  
Violeta Ventura
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Hierarchical Networks ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Virtual Ethnography ◽  
La Plata ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Depth Interviews

The question about the relationship between associative forms of participation and city production is the guideline of Latin American urban studies, widely studied in its intersection with popular sectors. This article seeks to link to that discussion, providing a case where the population involved belongs to the middle classes. To do this, we will analyze the process by which middle class youth collectively organized (2013-2015) in the city of La Plata (Argentina), to access urban land and, with it, a housing policy (PROCREAR). We will investigate how they built their claim on a public problem, moved within statehood and became co-producers of urban regulations (Ordinance 11094/13). Our main finding will be that the effectiveness of their practices rested, on the one hand, on factors specific to the group —broad and hierarchical networks of social relationships; collectivization of cultural capital; habituality within statehood— on the other, in the selectivity of state bureaucracies. Based on this, we will conclude that during the collective action of the middle classes in order to get involved in the production of the city, there was an active process of citizenship. The research starts from a qualitative methodological approach, using virtual ethnography, field observation and in-depth interviews as the main procedures.

Challenges and Opportunities for the Development and Management of Urban Green Areas in Addis Ababa

2017 ◽  
pp. 1351-1370
Author(s):  
Gebrye Kefelew ◽  
Tebarek Lika
Keyword(s):  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Street Trees ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cooperative Housing ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
Development And Management ◽  
Depth Interviews

This chapter examines the challenges of, and opportunities for, the development and management of cooperative housing green areas and street trees. To deal with this issue effectively, the study employed mixed research methods and used questionnaires, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, observations and desk reviews, for the purposes of data collection. The findings of this study identify a lack of awareness on the part of the public and of government employees, weak institutional capacities, a lack of coordination among stakeholders, and the absence of clear ownership and enforcement mechanisms, as representing the major challenges impacting the development and management of cooperative housing green areas and street trees. Therefore, in order to develop and manage these green areas properly, the study recommends that the good will, the coordination and the efforts of all stakeholders, including communities, government authority, and non-governmental bodies, be enhanced and duly coordinated.

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