HOW DOES THE SPREAD OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLING INFLUENCE THE FERTILITY TRANSITION? EVIDENCE FROM RURAL NEPAL

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIMONE SILVA ◽  
DAVID R. HOTCHKISS
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
District Level ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Secondary Schooling ◽  
Rural Nepal

SummaryFrom 1996 to 2006, Nepal experienced a substantial fertility decline, with the total fertility rate dropping from 4.6 to 3.1 births per woman. This study examines the associations between progress towards universal primary and secondary schooling and fertility decline in rural Nepal. Several hypotheses regarding mechanisms through which education affects current fertility behaviour are tested, including: the school environment during women's childhood; current availability of schools; knowledge of educational costs; and women's own educational attainment. Data for the analysis come from the 2003–04 Nepal Living Standards Survey, a nationally representative random sample of households, which includes detailed data on fertility, household expenditure, educational attainment, demographic characteristics and the use of social services. Census and administrative data are also used to construct district-level gross enrolment ratios for primary and secondary schools during the women's childhood. Discrete dependent variable modelling techniques are used to estimate the effects of the following variables on the probability of women giving birth in a given year: district-level gross enrolment ratios for primary and secondary schools during women's childhood; having had a child previously in school; women's own educational level; current school availability; and other covariates. Separate models are estimated for the overall sample of rural women of reproductive age, and for parity-specific sub-samples. The results suggest that district-level gross enrolment ratios for secondary schools and, in some instances, having had a previous child enrolled in school are significant determinants of fertility in rural areas. These results are highly independent of women's own educational levels. Overall, the results suggest that, in the rural Nepal context, mass schooling influences the fertility transition through both community- and household-level pathways.

FERTILITY DECLINE DRIVEN BY POVERTY: THE CASE OF ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
ESHETU GURMU ◽  
RUTH MACE
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Economic Stress ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depth Interviews

SummaryDemographic transition theory states that fertility declines in response to development, thus wealth and fertility are negatively correlated. Evolutionary theory, however, suggests a positive relationship between wealth and fertility. Fertility transition as a result of industrialization and economic development started in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Western Europe; and it extended to some of the Asian and Latin American countries later on. However, economic crises since the 1980s have been co-incident with fertility decline in sub-Sahara Africa and other developing countries like Thailand, Nepal and Bangladesh in the last decade of the 20th century. A very low level of fertility is observed in Addis Ababa (TFR=1·9) where contraceptive prevalence rate is modest and recurrent famine as well as drought have been major causes of economic crisis in the country for more than three consecutive decades, which is surprising given the high rural fertility. Detailed socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of 2976 women of reproductive age (i.e. 15–49 years) residing in Addis Ababa were collected during the first quarter of 2003 using an event history calendar and individual women questionnaire. Controlling for the confounding effects of maternal birth cohort, education, marital status and accessible income level, the poor (those who have access to less than a dollar per day or 250 birr a month) were observed to elongate the timing of having first and second births, while relatively better-off women were found to have shorter birth intervals. Results were also the same among the ever-married women only model. More than 50% of women currently in their 20s are also predicted to fail to reproduce as most of the unmarried men and women are ‘retreating from marriage’ due to economic stress. Qualitative information collected through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews also supports the statistical findings that poverty is at the root of this collapse in fertility. Whilst across countries wealth and fertility have been negatively correlated, this study shows that within one uniform population the relationship is clearly positive.

scholarly journals Inequalities in the Use of Family Planning in Rural Nepal

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Mehata ◽  
Yuba Raj Paudel ◽  
Bhogendra Raj Dotel ◽  
Dipendra Raman Singh ◽  
Pradeep Poudel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
Rural Nepal ◽  
Modern Family Planning

This paper explores inequalities in the use of modern family planning methods among married women of reproductive age (MWRA) in rural Nepal. Data from the 2012 Nepal Household Survey (HHS) were utilized, which employed a stratified, three-stage cluster design to obtain a representative sample of 9,016 households from rural Nepal. Within the sampled households, one woman of reproductive age was randomly selected to answer the survey questions related to reproductive health. Only four out of every ten rural MWRA were using a modern family planning method. Short-acting and permanent methods were most commonly used, and long-acting reversible contraceptives were the least likely to be used. Muslims were less likely to use family planning compared to other caste/ethnic groups. Usage was also lower among younger women (likely to be trying to delay or space births) than older women (likely to be trying to limit their family size). Less educated women were more likely to use permanent methods and less likely to use short-term methods. To increase the CPR, which has currently stalled, and continue to reduce the TFR, Nepal needs more focused efforts to increase family planning uptake in rural areas. The significant inequalities suggest that at-risk groups need additional targeting by demand and supply side interventions.

scholarly journals The Co-Occurrence of Overweight and Micronutrient Deficiencies or Anemia among Women of Reproductive Age in Malawi

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 1554-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C Rhodes ◽  
Parminder S Suchdev ◽  
K M Venkat Narayan ◽  
Solveig Cunningham ◽  
Mary Beth Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiency ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Urban Residence ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Individual Level

ABSTRACT Background In low-resource settings, urbanization may contribute to the individual-level double burden of malnutrition (DBM), whereby under- and overnutrition co-occur within the same individuals. Objective We described DBM prevalence among Malawian women by urban-rural residence, examined whether urban residence was associated with DBM, and assessed whether DBM prevalence was greater than the prevalence expected by chance given population levels of under- and overnutrition, which would suggest DBM is a distinct phenomenon associated with specific factors. Methods We analyzed nationally representative data of 723 nonpregnant women aged 15–49 y from the 2015–2016 Malawi Micronutrient Survey. DBM was defined as co-occurring overweight or obesity (OWOB) and ≥1 micronutrient deficiency or anemia. We used Poisson regression models to examine the association between urban residence and DBM and its components. The Rao-Scott modified chi-square test compared the observed and expected DBM prevalence. Results Nationally, 10.8% (95% CI: 7.0, 14.5) of women had co-occurring OWOB and any micronutrient deficiency and 3.4% (95% CI: 1.3, 5.5) had co-occurring OWOB and anemia. The prevalence of co-occurring OWOB and any micronutrient deficiency was 2 times higher among urban women than rural women [urban 32.6 (24.1, 41.2) compared with rural 8.6 (5.2, 11.9), adjusted prevalence ratio: 2.0 (1.1, 3.5)]. Co-occurring OWOB and anemia prevalence did not significantly differ by residence [urban 6.9 (0.6, 13.2) compared with rural 3.0 (0.8, 5.3)]. There were no statistically significant differences in observed and expected prevalence estimates of DBM. Conclusions This analysis shows that co-occurring OWOB and any micronutrient deficiency was higher among women in urban Malawi compared with rural areas. However, our finding that co-occurring OWOB and any micronutrient deficiency or anemia may be due to chance suggests that there may not be common causes driving DBM in Malawian women. Thus, there may not be a need to design and target interventions specifically for women with DBM.

scholarly journals Exploring the constraints regarding maternal health in reproductive age among the rural women in Bangladesh

Mediscope ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Akkur Chandra Das
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Maternal Health ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Health Related

The study evaluated the constraints of maternal health in reproductive age in the rural Bangladesh. The study used qualitative approach to gather information where individual in-depth interviews adopted for data collection among women aged 15-49 years old. The overall study revealed that rural women faced many maternal health related complications and problems in their reproductive age such as hemorrhage, sepsis, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, obstructed labour and complications of abortion, etc. Maternal health situation still in rural areas was not developed in comparison to the situation of urban areas of Bangladesh and there was not available women’s health care accesses for their emergency; low education level, low per capita income, many family members, early marriage and pregnancy, number of pregnancies, poor nutrition and lack of family support status resulted in low status of maternal and child health in the rural areas of Bangladesh. Adequate measures should be taken for providing proper health care services in rural areas of Bangladesh for better maternal health status.Mediscope Vol. 3, No. 2: July 2016, Pages 1-10

scholarly journals Reproductive Attitudes of Young Rural Women in the Republic of Tatarstan

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-137
Author(s):  
Alexander V. Shadrikov
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
The State ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
State Support ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Reproductive Intentions ◽  
The Republic

Introduction. The modern rural society suffers a demographic crisis due to a drop in the birth rate and a decrease in the total fertility rate. Young women of reproductive age play an important role in increasing the number of births in rural areas. The objective of the paper is to study the reproductive intentions and preferences of young rural women in the Republic of Tatarstan as well as to identify the reasons for birth postponement and the degree of influence of the state support measures. Materials and Methods. The results of a sociological survey conducted in the Republic of Tatarstan in 2018 were used as the materials for the study. Statistics were used for the calculation; the systematic and comparative methods of analysis were employed. Results. The study has revealed the sustainable subjective preferences of young rural women in the Republic of Tatarstan to have two or more children. It has also confirmed the heterogeneity of the reproductive attitudes in the rural community and identified the rural women’s reasons for birth postponement. Assessment of certain reserves of increasing the birth rate has been made. State support measures affecting fertility rates have been evaluated. Discussion and Conclusion. The increase in the birth rate in the Republic of Tatarstan largely depends on the quantitative and qualitative indicators such as the number of rural women of reproductive age as well as on the measures taken by the state to stimulate the birth rate and thereby increase the reproductive attitudes. The research materials will be useful for the heads of municipal districts, heads of governmental structures, scholars and helpful when devising federal and regional demographic and family development strategies as well as when implementing the Demography national project.

scholarly journals Socio Demographic Determinants of Delivery Practice in Rural Women of Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meherunnessa Begum ◽  
Khondoker Bulbul Sarwar ◽  
Nasreen Akther ◽  
Rokshana Sabnom ◽  
Asma Begum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Home Delivery ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
At Home

Background: Every year, world wide, 200 million women become pregnant. The development of urban areas allowed women to receive more care and treatment. However, in rural areas such measures are not available to every woman. Data on delivery practice of rural woman may help the social and public health planners and decision makers to minimize and prevent maternal mortality and morbidity ensuring safe motherhood.Objective: The aim of the study was to observe the delivery practice of rural women of Bangladesh. Materials and method: A cross-sectional study was conducted and data were collected from Dhamrai upazila, Dhaka, Bangladesh in April 2008. Total 159 women of reproductive age group at least having one child were selected purposively to elicit information on various demographic, socioeconomic, cultural and selected programmatic variables including maternal health care and delivery practices. Results: Among the respondents about 55% were literate. Majority (80%) of the respondents delivered at home and most of the them (71%) felt that home delivery was comfortable where as about 29% of the respondents were compelled to deliver at home due to family decision and financial constraint. Among the deliveries about 82% occurred normally and 18.2% were by cesarean section. A considerable percentage of deliveries (49%) were attended by traditional birth attendants. Blade was used for cutting umbilical cord in majority of the cases (74%) who delivered at home. Most of the respondents (90%) took ante natal check up and about 74% were vaccinated by tetanus toxoid. Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that a lot of work is still to do for the policy makers and health planners to target, plan, develop and deliver maternal health services to the rural women of Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v1i2.15917 Delta Med Col J. Jul 2013;1(2):42-45

Sociodemographic Risk Factors of Being Underweight Among Ever-Married Bangladeshi Women of Reproductive Age: A Multilevel Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 101053952097992
Author(s):  
Abdur Rahman ◽  
Nusrat Jahan Sathi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Sociodemographic Risk

The study’s primary goal is to identify a few sociodemographic risk factors associated with women’s underweight status. We have applied multilevel binary logistic regression using the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2014 data, considering hierarchical effect. The model implies that age <30 years (odds ratio [OR]: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.82-2.63), no education (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.28-1.61), oral contraceptive nonuser (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.14-1.39), and not watching TV (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.41-1.73) are significant risk factors associated with women’s underweight status. Remarkably, women from rural areas and belonging to a community with poverty rates of 50% and higher are 46% and 52% more likely to be underweight, respectively. Policy makers and organizations should create a supportive environment for rural women by controlling education, media coverage, and poverty to enrich their knowledge about healthy weight to reduce community inequality and maintain a healthy life.

scholarly journals Trends in fertility preference implementation among selected Eastern African countries

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Vincent Otieno ◽  
Alfred Agwanda Otieno ◽  
Anne Khasakhala
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Fertility Preferences ◽  
Fertility Preference ◽  
Family Planning Programs ◽  
Substantial Decline

Background: There has been continuous debate among scholars regarding fertility transition in Africa. Two conclusions emerge: slow pace of decline because of weak facilitating social programs and high demand for large families amidst weak family planning programs. Accelerated fertility decline is expected to occur if there is both substantial decline in desired fertility and increased level of preference implementation. Despite these conclusions, there are also emergent exceptions in Africa, even among the Eastern African countries. Our motivation for the study of this region therefore lies in this context. First, the East African countries share some similarities in policy framework. Secondly, Rwanda and Kenya appear as exceptional in the drive towards accelerating further fertility decline. Fertility change therefore in any one country may have implications in the neighbouring country due to the commonalities especially in language, cultural traits, diffusion and spread new models of behaviour. Methods: With the utilization of DHS data, we analyse trends overtime in two specific features that scholars have indicated to slow or increase fertility decline. Using Bongaarts supply-demand framework, we first deduce trends in fertility preferences among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) and second, the extent to which women have been able to implement their fertility preferences during the course of fertility decline and subsequently decomposing these trends. Results: We found that with the rising aggregate of the degree of fertility preference implementation index, continuous declining trends in demand for births and subsequent increases in the contribution made by either or both the wanted fertility and the degree of fertility preference implementation index across categories that fertility transition is certainly on course in all countries albeit at different levels, thanks to the family planning. Conclusions: Family planning programs must therefore be accompanied by rigorous, consistent sensitization and public education.

scholarly journals Prevalence and determinants of contraceptives use among rural young women (15-24 years) in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Gazali Salifu ◽  
Kamaldeen Mohammed ◽  
Mac-Cauley Harrison ◽  
Aaron Atimpe ◽  
Rogers Wuniwumda Abukari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living Children

Abstract Background: Contraceptives use has significant effect on controlling fertility, preventing STIs, reducing unwanted pregnancies and induced abortions. The use of contraceptives among reproductive age women (15-49 years) has been largely reported. However, what is unclear is whether the reported prevalence of, and factors that influence the usage of contraceptives is comparable in the context of young adults (aged 15-24 years) in rural areas. The purpose of this study was therefore to report the prevalence and factors that influence contraceptives use among young women (15-24 years) in rural Ghana.Methods: Data (n = 3797) collected using a questionnaire through a mutli-stage probability sampling method in the 2017 Ghana Maternal Health Survey (GMHS) was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The chi-square test was used to identify significant associations between categorical variables at a significant level of p < 0.05. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses was conducted to explore how well each independent variable predicted contraceptive use. Results: Out of the 3,797 women, only 21.49% (95% CI: 19.56, 23.55) used contraceptives. Number of living children, health insurance, knowledge of fertility period, history of abortion, ever given birth, educational level, age of participants and current union were found to influence contraceptives use. Strong significant predictors (at 95% CI, p<0.05) of contraceptives use were history of abortion, age of participants, educational level, number of living children, and knowledge of fertility period. Conclusion: Low usage of contraceptives has been identified among rural women and so there is the need for policymakers to intensify education and facilitate widespread access to modern contraceptives in rural areas and promote their effective use.

scholarly journals Levels of knowledge regarding malaria causes, symptoms, and prevention measures among Malawian women of reproductive age.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alick Sixpence ◽  
Owen Nkoka ◽  
Gowokani C. Chirwa ◽  
Edith B. Milanzi ◽  
Charles Mangani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age

Abstract Background: Malawi is a malaria-endemic country and approximately 6 million cases are reported annually. Improving knowledge of malaria causes and symptoms, and the overall perception towards malaria and its preventive measures is vital for malaria control. Thus, the current study investigated the levels of knowledge of the causes, symptoms, and prevention of Malaria among Malawian women. Methods: We analyzed data from the 2017 wave of the Malawi Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS). In total, 3,422 women of reproductive age (15–49 years) were sampled and analyzed. We assessed the levels of women’s knowledge about 1), causes of malaria 2) symptoms of malaria and 3) preventive measures. The tertiles of the composite score were used as the cut-offs to categorize the levels of knowledge as ‘‘low”, ‘‘medium” and ‘‘high”. Multinomial logistic regression models were constructed to assess the independent factors while taking into account the complex survey design. Results : All in all, 49.74% of all respondents had high levels of knowledge of causes, symptoms, and preventive measures. The high level of knowledge was 45% for rural women and 55% for urban dwellers. After adjustment for independent factors, women of age group 15–19 years adjusted odds ratio ([aOR]: 2.58; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.69–3.92), women with no formal education (aOR: 3.73; 95% CI: 2.20–6.33), women whose household had no television (aOR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.02–2.22), women who had not seen/heard malaria message (aOR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.20–1.95), women of Yao tribe (aOR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.10–3.46) and women from rural areas had low levels of knowledge about the causes of malaria, symptoms of malaria, and preventive measures. Additionally, the results also showed that women aged 15–19 years (beta [β] = -0.73, standard error [SE] = 0.12); P <.0001, women with no formal education (β = -1.17, SE = 0.15); P <.0001, women whose household had no radio (β = -0.15, SE = 0.0816); P =0.0715 and women who had not seen or heard malaria message (β = -0.41, SE = 0.07); P <.0001 were likely to have a lower knowledge score. Conclusions: The levels of malaria knowledge were reported to be unsatisfactory among adult women, underscoring the need to scale up efforts on malaria education. Beside insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) and prompt diagnosis, malaria can be best managed in Malawi by increasing knowledge of malaria causes, and symptoms especially for younger women, women with no formal education, women whose households have no media, women from Yao tribes and rural dwellers.

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