Breakdown of caseins by proteinases in bovine milks with high somatic cell counts arising from mastitis or infusion with bacterial endotoxin

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony T. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Proteinase Activity ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Activity Curve ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

SummaryMilk obtained from cows which were either infected by clinical mastitis or had been subjected to intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin possessed high counts of somatic cells and very high levels of proteinase activity which hydrolysed the caseins almost completely in a few hours at 37 °C. The rate of hydrolysis of β-casein was slightly greater than that of αs1-casein, but in both cases hydrolysis was enhanced by 6 cycles of freezing and thawing to disrupt somatic cell membranes. A study of the relationship between proteinase activity and cell count suggested that only some of the proteinase activity originated in the somatic cells and also that the identity of the cells making up the total cellular population was important. Maximum proteolysis occurred at 50–60 °C, but the temperature-activity curve was a broad peak. Likewise the pH versus activity plot was very broad and was almost flat over the pH range 6–9. Experiments with a number of inhibitors of proteinases failed to give a clear cut pattern of inhibition. All evidence obtained was consistent with the view that several different enzymes with different pH and temperature optima and different specificities contributed to the overall hydrolysis of caseins in these milks. From electrophoretic band patterns one of these enzymes was clearly plasmin, but in high cell count milks other proteinases also became significant.

Association between Somatic Cell Count progeny tests in the United States of America (USA), The Netherlands and the United Kingdom (UK)

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 25-25
Author(s):  
R A Mrode ◽  
G J T Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Management Control ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Animal Data ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The Uk

Mastitis remains a costly health problem to dairy farmers despite a significant reduction in both clinical and sub-clinical mastitis over the last 25 years. This reduction has been due predominantly to the success of management control programmes. The continuing losses have raised the interest in breeding as a means to reduce mastitis incidence. Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) have been used since 1977 as an indirect means of monitoring mastitis within dairy herds. Since 1991 an optional individual cell count service has been offered by Milk Recording Organisations in the UK. The result is that 0.80 of recorded cows have SCC records. The Animal Data Centre has analysed the SCC data to establish genetic parameters and produced preliminary evaluations on bulls and cows (Mrode et al, 1996). As a forerunner to launching SCC evaluations it is important to determine whether SCC evaluations in the UK agree with similar evaluations overseas.

Genetic parameters for somatic cell count for three dairy breeds in the united kingdom (uk)

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 128-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Mrode ◽  
G J T Swanson ◽  
M S Winters
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Counts

Mastitis constitutes a major source of economic loss in the national dairy herd. Although good management practices can produce a major reduction in mastitis, there is considerable interest in the reduction of mastitis through breeding. Somatic cell counts (SCC) have been used as a way of indirectly measuring sub-clinical mastitis within a herd. Since 1991, average cell count is obtained for all herds and this is used to adjust milk payments.Milk recording organisations introduced a cow cell count service in 1990. The data are now available for the preliminary analysis of the usefulness of somatic cell counts. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for SCC for three major breeds in the UK.

scholarly journals EVALUASI MASTITIS SUBKLINIS PADA SAPI PERAH DI PETERNAKAN RAKYAT KAPUPATEN TANGGAMUS MENGGUNAKAN UJI MASTITIS DAN JUMLAH SEL SOMATIK

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Dian Cahya Hadi ◽  
Veronica Wanniatie ◽  
Arif Qisthon ◽  
Purnama Edy Santosa
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Dairy Milk

This study aimed to determine the presence or absence of subclinical mastitis cases with mastitis test IPB-1 and somatic cell count calculation of the Breed method for dairy milk farm in Tanggamus Regency.  The study was conducted in January 2020. Milk specimens were taken from farmers in Gisting Atas and Air Naningan district areas of Tanggamus Regency, Lampung Province.  Specimen testing was carried out at the Animal Production Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung.  Specimens of milk used were obtained from farms in the Gisting Atas region as many as 9 lactation dairy cows and 10 lactation dairy cows from farms in the Air Naningan region.  This research method was a survey by taking farm data through interviews, taking milk specimens for mastitis testing with the reagents of IPB-1, taking specimens to be used as preparations which are then tested to somatic cell count using the breed method.  The variables observed were the results of mastitis test and the results of somatic cell counts in dairy milk.  Data were processed in tabulation and histogram then explained descriptively.  The mastitis test results showed that 33% of cow nipples from Gisting Atas farms and 37% of nipples from Air Naningan farms positively had subclinical mastitis.  Calculation of the number of somatic cells showed that the average number of somatic cells was 2,341,538 cells / ml for the Gisting Atas area and as much as 821,176 cells / ml for the Air Naningan region.    Keywords: Subclinical mastitis, IPB-1 test, Breed method, Somatic cells, dairy milk

Mastitis vaccination using a commercial polyvalent vaccine or a herd-specific Staphylococcus aureus vaccine

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (04) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Hamedy ◽  
Oliver Passarge ◽  
Axel Sobiraj ◽  
Markus Freick ◽  
Yvonne Frank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Health State ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts

Summary Objective of this study was the improvement of selected parameters of udder health by mastitis vaccination in a dairy herd with elevated bulk milk somatic cell counts and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus as predominant mastitis causing pathogen. Material and methods: On a dairy farm, pregnant heifers (status group [SG] 1; n = 181) as well as cows stratified for their udder health state (classification based on results of cytobacteriological investigations of quarter milk samples obtained before dry cow therapy [MS0]) (SG 2–4; n = 416) were randomly assigned to one of the following vaccination groups (VG): Startvac® (VG SV), Bestvac® Rind Mastitis (containing herd-specific S. aureus-strains; VG BV) and the unvaccinated control (VG Co, placebo), respectively. The collected data (5 [MS5] and 52 [MS52] days in milk [DIM]: quarter milk somatic cell count [QSCC] and bacteriological investigation of quarter milk samples; dairy herd improvement test [DHIT] days 1–10: milk yield and individual cow somatic cell count; until 305 DIM: clinical mastitis cases) were compared between the VG within their SG. Results: S. aureus prevalences were significantly lower in VG SV (p < 0.001) and VG BV (p = 0.006) within SG 3 and in VG SV (p = 0.008) within SG 4, respectively, in comparison to VG Co. Milk yields (DHIT days [p = 0.042] and 305-day milk yield [p = 0.040]) were significantly less in VG SV within SG 4 compared to VG Co. Significant different changes over time in comparison to VG Co indicating a vaccine effect during lactation were only observed for QSCC within SG 4 for VG BV (p = 0.017; increase towards MS52) and for S. aureus prevalence within SG 3 for VG BV (p < 0.001; opposing trends from MS0 towards MS52). All other interactions of time and VG under investigation were not significant in any of the SG. Furthermore, there were no descriptive differences in the incidence of clinical mastitis and duration of a necessary mastitis therapy, respectively, between the VG within their SG. Conclusion: In this field study, the application of two different mastitis vaccines was not an appropriate tool to improve the considered parameters of udder health sustainably.

scholarly journals Cytological quality of milk of primiparous cows kept in cubicles bedded with separated manure

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Stanisław Winnicki ◽  
Zbigniew Sobek ◽  
Ryszard Kujawiak ◽  
Jerzy Jugowar ◽  
Anna Nienartowicz-Zdrojewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Daily Milk

Abstract. A study was conducted on the effect of separated manure as bedding material on milk quality as manifested in the somatic cell count. Cows were maintained in a loose barn in cubicles bedded with fresh separated cattle manure (SCM) with 40 % solids content. Analyses were conducted on 242 primiparous Polish Black and White Holstein-Friesian cows in the course of a 305-day lactation. Mean milk yield in that period amounted to over 9000 kg per cow. Somatic cell counts, daily milk yields and chemical composition of milk were analysed. Data were obtained from analyses of 2324 milk samples. It was found that 93.3 % of samples contained less than 400 000 somatic cells per 1 mL milk. Approximately 4.3 % of milk samples contained the number of somatic cells indicating subclinical mastitis (200 000 cells mL−1), while in 2.4 % it was clinical mastitis (> 800 000 cells mL−1). The incidence rate for both forms of mastitis was similar in the beginning and at the end of lactation. Mean daily milk yield of cows producing milk classified according to quality (SCC) grades 1 (< 25 000 cells mL−1) and 2 (< 25 000; 50 000 > cells mL−1) was statistically significantly greater than the yields of other cows. For analysed milk constituents a relationship was found between SCC classes and contents of milk fat and solids. Conducted analyses showed that SCM as bedding in cow cubicles had no effect on somatic cell counts in milk of primiparous cows. The study was conducted in a single holding, in one lactation, on cows calving in 2014.

Experience in Adaptation and Comparative Evaluation of the Coulter Counter and Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count (DMSCC) Method for Determining Somatic Cell Counts in Milk

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-252
Author(s):  
D. M. MACAULAY ◽  
R. E. GINN ◽  
V. S. PACKARD
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Coulter Counter ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Government Laboratory ◽  
One Year

A Coulter Counter, Model ZBI, was introduced into a provincial government laboratory and adapted for use in counting somatic cells in milk. The procedure followed was a modification of the International Dairy Federation method, the main difference being in the formulation of the fixative and a slight change in diluent make-up. The procedure was further modified in operating details to enhance routine analytical work. During one year of use in the ongoing provincial laboratory program, 8130 milk samples were checked for somatic cells by the Coulter Counter. Of this number, 509 were selected at random and checked by the Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count (DMSCC) method. The correlation coefficient for these samples for the two methods was 0.973. The mean cell counts were 841.600 and 839,900 for the DMSCC and Coulter Counter methods, respectively. The regression formula for estimating DMSCC from Coulter Counter results was determined to be ŷ= 0.8023(x) + 163.45.

A quantitative evaluation of some factors affecting the non-fatty solids of cow's milk

1960 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Alexander ◽  
F. B. Leech
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
High Cell ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Satisfactory Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Image Position

SummaryTen farms in the county of Durham took part in a field study of the effects of feeding and of udder disease on the level of non-fatty solids (s.n.f.) in milk. Statistical analysis of the resulting data showed that age, pregnancy, season of the year, and total cell count affected the percentage of s.n.f. and that these effects were additive and independent of each other. No effect associated with nutritional changes could be demonstrated.The principal effects of the factors, each one freed from effects of other factors, were as follows:Herds in which s.n.f. had been consistently low over a period of years were compared with herds in which s.n.f. had been satisfactory. Analysis of the data showed that about 70% of the difference in s.n.f. between these groups could be accounted for by differences in age of cow, stage of lactation, cell count and breed.There was some evidence of a residual effect following clinical mastitis that could not be accounted for by residual high cell counts.The within-cow regression of s.n.f. on log cell count calculated from the Durham data and from van Rensburg's data was on both occasions negative.The implications of these findings are discussed, particularly in relation to advisory work.

Udder and teat conformational risk factors for elevated somatic cell count and clinical mastitis in New York Holsteins

2019 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asha M. Miles ◽  
Jessica A.A. McArt ◽  
Francisco A. Leal Yepes ◽  
Cassandra R. Stambuk ◽  
Paul D. Virkler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New York ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Clinical Mastitis

scholarly journals Effect of somatic cell count on dairy products: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukta Talukder ◽  
HM Manir Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Endogenous Enzymes ◽  
Fluid Milk

Somatic cells are the most essential factors naturally present in milk, and somatic cell count (SCC) is used as an indicator of monitoring mastitis incidence in the herd and also to assess the quality of milk. In addition, SCC is frequently used to determine quality payments to dairy producers. The SCC is directly related to get maximum milk production from individual cow and a lower SCC indicates better animal health, as somatic cells originate only from inside the animal's udder. SCC monitoring is important because as the number of somatic cells increases, milk yield is likely to fall, primarily due to the damage to milk-producing tissue in the udder caused by mastitis pathogens and the toxins they produce, particularly when epithelial cells are lost. Keeping low SSC will allow good quality more raw milk and provide a better product to milk processors whether used as fluid milk or converted to milk based products. Somatic cells containing lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes lead to degrade major nutrients fats and proteins, respectively. Elevated SCC is related to udder inflammation, which leads to alter the normal microbial count and physicochemical parameters of milk, as well as the quality of heat treated fluid milk and milk based product. The objective of this review is to discuss on the SSC and endogenous enzymes released from somatic cells in raw milk as well as effect of somatic cells count and their endogenous enzymes in processed milk and milk based products.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2017, 3(1): 1-9

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