Morphology made (too) simple? Phonological problems with and a solution to the analytic/non-analytic distinction

This article addresses some shortcomings in the standard theory of the phonology-morphology interface within Government Phonology, which is built on the dichotomy of analytic/non-analytic morphology. I argue that many cases which had previously been thought to be analytic and therefore to require a cyclic application of phonology should be reinterpreted without: Many constructions that seemed to consist of domains inside domains are better understood without that internal structure. This alternative avoids some contradictory results of the standard model, which incorrectly precludes certain kinds of interactions between the nested domains. The reinterpretation also makes better sense of the phonological shape of (allegedly analytic) affixes by taking into account phonotactic possibilities of clusters with more than three consonants, which had so no far not received a satisfactory analysis in the Government Phonology literature.

Modeling Coronavirus Spread Rate Utilizing Dimensional Analysis via an Irredundant Set of Fundamental Quantities

The phenomenon of spread of a (pathogenic) virus involves many physical variables, and is not amenable to satisfactory analysis via conventional methods. Dimensional Analysis (DA) is singled out as a simple and accessible way that can determine (at least qualitatively) how virus spread is related to seven physical quantities that are thought to influence it. However, classical DA deduces four dimensionless products only, none of which incorporates temperature and humidity, despite the obvious relevance of these two meteorological factors. This paper proposes an alternative version of dimensional analysis using a novel irredundant set of three fundamental quantities only. This new DA version produces five dimensionless products, four of which are essentially a replication of the old ones, while the fifth is a novel product that relates both humidity and temperature to other influencing factors. Our novel DA solution is a significant contribution, since it provides a more realistic model for virus spread rate, and it does not ignore any of the essential influencing factors. Such a model might lead to a better understanding of the determinants of spread for the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that causes the ongoing COVID-19 fatal pandemic.

The Effect of Synthesis Procedure on Hydrogen Peroxidase-Like Catalytic Activity of Iron Oxide Magnetic Particles

A comparative study was carried out using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for the fabrication of non-enzymatic sensors for the continuous and rapid detection and monitoring of H2O2. Various MNPs, differing in terms of their synthesis procedure and modification, were synthesized and characterized by different techniques. The electrochemical catalytic activity of the synthesized MNPs toward the reduction in H2O2 was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The naked MNPs showed the highest catalytic activity among all the synthesized MNPs. The biosensor based on the naked MNPs was then applied in the determination of H2O2 using chronoamperometry. The parameters such as the applied cathodic potential and the amount of MNPs on the developed biosensor were optimized. Moreover, the analytical figures of merit, including reproducibility (RSD = 6.14%), sensitivity (m = 0.0676 µA µM−1), limit of detection (LOD) = 27.02 µmol L−1, and limit of quantification (LOQ) = 89.26 µmol L−1 of the developed biosensor indicate satisfactory analysis. Finally, MNPs were successfully utilized for the determination of H2O2 in milk.

Satisfactory Analysis of Training Program at Indonesian Railway Company: An Importance-Performance Analysis Approach

Training is an activity that has an important role for human resources in order to increase knowledge and skills both for human resources who are preparing to enter the workforce, also for human resources who have worked so that their capabilities are always maintained in order to secure existence or to career advancement. From this research, we try to analyze the gap between perceptions and expectations of the training program in from the perspectives of the participants. The population of this study are 61 employees of PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Indonesian Railway Company) who were training participants at the Operations and Marketing Training Center. We analyzed the data by applying the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method. Based on the results of the research and descriptive analysis of the services received, the satisfaction of the operational training program is quite satisfying but there is still a difference between reality and employee expectations.

PALEOGRAPHY AND ORTHOGRAPHY OF HANKENSTEIN CODEX

Hankenstein Code (Vienna Octoix) is the collection of liturgical texts dating by the XII-XIII centuries or by the beginning of the XIIIth century. Since 1804, the general descriptions of the collection appear in the works by I.A. Ganke von Gankenstein, J. Dobrovsky, S. Smal-Stotsky, A. Sobolevsky, Yu. Shevelev, G. Birkfellner. Nowadays, there is no satisfactory analysis of the Code text at all levels, including graphic one. In order to study the spelling and the paleographic features of the manuscript, the main text, the inscriptions and the drawings on the fields, ornaments, the material for writing, the present state of the manuscript and its parts were described. We found that the text was written by two scribes, characterized the manner of writing each of them, determined the differences in the graphics and spelling (different use of the letters я, 1, 8 and o). A large number of external letters was noted and 7 basic traits of the title were described, 3 types of superscripts and 6 types of inline signs were fixed, their graphic and functional features were described. For the first time corrections and the entries were described on the margins of the manuscript. The examples found in the text of the letters э, е and и, в and оу proved the hypothesis of the southwestern origin of the monument.

Efficient Lidar Signal Denoising Algorithm Using Variational Mode Decomposition Combined with a Whale Optimization Algorithm

Although lidar is a powerful active remote sensing technology, lidar echo signals are easily contaminated by noise, particularly in strong background light, which severely affects the retrieval accuracy and the effective detection range of the lidar system. In this study, a coupled variational mode decomposition (VMD) and whale optimization algorithm (WOA) for noise reduction in lidar signals is proposed and demonstrated completely. The combination of optimal VMD parameters of decomposition mode number K and quadratic penalty α was obtained by using the WOA and was critical in acquiring satisfactory analysis results for VMD denoising technology. Then, the Bhattacharyya distance was applied to identify the relevant modes, which were reconstructed to achieve noise filtering. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed VMD-WOA method is superior to that of wavelet transform, empirical mode decomposition, and its variations. Experimentally, this method was successfully used to filter a lidar echo signal. The signal-to-noise ratio of the denoised signal was increased to 23.92 dB, and the detection range was extended from 6 to 10 km.

Cezarov posjet Iliriku 57. /56. g. pr. Kr. / Caesar’s visit to Illyricum in 57/56 B.C.

This article is dealing with the chronology and subject of Caesar’s first visit to Illyricum. Namely, at the beginning of winter in 57 B.C. Gaius Julius Caesar, the governor of Illyricum and the two Gauls, set off to Illyricum with the intent to visit the local communities and to acquaint himself with the area. However, in Gaul suddenly broke out the rebellion of the Veneti and their allies. Caesar’s subordinate commander in the area, Publius Licinius Crassus, informed Caesar about these events. As he was quite distant, Caesar ordered military ships to be built on the river that flows in the Atlantic Ocean (Liger fl.) and told Crassus he will proceed to the army cum primum per anni tempus potuit. This seemingly short episode during Caesar’s governorship of Illyricum is attested with only a few words in the third book of Commentarii de Bello Gallico (bell. Gall. III, VII – IX). Although noticed in modern historiography, to date no significant scholarly attention or satisfactory analysis has been paid to it. In modern historiography it is mentioned exclusively in the works dealing with a far wider context. There is only an overview, with a prevailing opinion that due to the war with the Veneti Caesar had to adjourn his short visit to Illyricum or that he did not even arrive there. Yet with the analysis of general historical circumstances, specific chronology of the period and Caesar’s work on Gallic wars, an exactly different conclusion is to be made. Here the authors give new interpretation of Caesar’s words and contemporary information on the political events in Rome. Thus proving not only that Caesar’s departure to war with the Veneti cannot be chronologically associated with his departure to Illyricum, but that Caesar indeed visited Illyricum; that his visit lasted much longer than it has been considered so far; and that his reasons for the visit stemmed from the significance of the province in Caesar’s plans for future engagements.

Introduction

The first chapter discusses why a framework like inquisitive semantics is needed for a satisfactory analysis of information exchange. In particular, it argues that neither declarative nor interrogative sentences can be fully understood in isolation. Further, it is argued that semantic theories which aim to cover both declarative and interrogative sentences should not employ two different notions of semantic content, one for declaratives and one for interrogatives, but should rather be based on a single notion of semantic content that is general enough to capture both the information that sentences convey and the issues that they may raise.This requires a new formal notion of issues, which forms the cornerstone of inquisitive semantics.

Strategic Justice

This work presents a new analysis and evaluation, based upon an original game-theoretic analysis of convention, of the thesis that justice consists of systems of distinguished conventions. This thesis has ancient roots but has never been central in philosophy because convention itself has historically been so poorly understood. Given a sufficiently precise and general analysis of convention, the view that justice at bottom consists of conventions provides cogent answers to two perennial questions: (1) What is justice? (2) Why be just? Conventions are analyzed as correlated equilibria of games where the agents involved have available alternative equilibria. This analysis is sufficiently general to summarize social interactions where the interests of the agents diverge, so that a satisfactory resolution incorporates principles of justice. Agents are in circumstances of justice when (i) their underlying game has multiple optimal conventions they can achieve when all contribute to a cooperative surplus and (ii) each contributor risks being let down if this agent contributes and the others fail to contribute. Necessary and sufficient conditions are proposed for a satisfactory analysis of justice as mutual advantage that characterize justice as a special set of Baseline-Consistent conventions of agents in circumstances of justice. The origins of norms of fairness as the product of salience and inductive learning are explored. The state social contract is analyzed as a self-enforcing governing convention. The Reconciliation Project of demonstrating the compatibility of justice and rational prudence is reevaluated in light of the analysis of convention developed here.

Death

Reflection on death gives rise to a variety of philosophical questions. One of the deepest of these is a question about the nature of death. Typically, philosophers interpret this question as a call for an analysis or definition of the concept of death. Plato, for example, proposed to define death as the separation of soul from body. However, this definition is not acceptable to those who think that there are no souls. It is also unacceptable to anyone who thinks that plants and lower animals have no souls, but can nonetheless die. Others have defined death simply as the cessation of life. This too is problematic, since an organism that goes into suspended animation ceases to live, but may not actually die. Death is described as ‘mysterious’, but neither is it clear what this means. Suppose we cannot formulate a satisfactory analysis of the concept of death: in this respect death would be mysterious, but no more so than any other concept that defies analysis. Some have said that what makes death especially mysterious and frightening is the fact that we cannot know what it will be like. Death is typically regarded as a great evil, especially if it strikes someone too soon. However, Epicurus and others argued that death cannot harm those who die, since people go out of existence when they die, and people cannot be harmed at times when they do not exist. Others have countered that the evil of death may lie in the fact that death deprives us of the goods we would have enjoyed if we had lived. On this view, death may be a great evil for a person, even if they cease to exist at the moment of death. Philosophers have also been concerned with the question of whether people can survive death. This is open to several interpretations, depending on what we understand to be people and what we mean by ‘survive’. Traditional materialists take each person to be a purely physical object – a human body. Since human bodies generally continue to exist after death, such materialists presumably must say that we generally survive death. However, such survival would be of little value to the deceased, since the surviving entity is just a lifeless corpse. Dualists take each person to have both a body and a soul. A dualist may maintain that at death the soul separates from the body, thereby continuing to enjoy (or suffer) various experiences after the body has died. Some who believe in survival think that the eternal life of the soul after bodily death can be a good beyond comparison. But Bernard Williams has argued that eternal life would be profoundly unattractive. If we imagine ourselves perpetually stuck at a given age, we may reasonably fear that eternal life will eventually become rather boring. On the other hand, if we imagine ourselves experiencing an endless sequence of varied ‘lives’, each disconnected from the others, then it is questionable whether it will in fact be ‘one person’ who lives eternally. Finally, there are questions about death and the meaning of life. Suppose death marks the end of all conscious experience – would our lives be then rendered meaningless? Or would the fact of impending death help us to recognize the value of our lives, and thereby give deeper meaning to life?