The Transfer of Technology to China in the Nineteenth Century: The Role of Direct Foreign Investment

1979 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Direct Foreign Investment ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Transfer Of Technology

The transfer of technology to China in the nineteenth century was carried out both by Chinese and foreigners. Given the half-hearted interest of the Chinese government in such activities, however, the role of direct foreign investment was enhanced. The profitability of such investments was determined not only by comparative costs and other conventional economic variables, but also by the interaction of each project with China's traditional system of political economy. The nature and importance of this interaction is examined by means of a number of case studies. The results emphasize the importance of cultural elements in the transfer of technology.

scholarly journals Commercial Foot Soldiers of the Empire: Foreign Merchant Politics in Tampico, Mexico, 1861-1866

1990 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-314
Author(s):  
John D. French
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Port Cities ◽  
Detailed Case ◽  
Central Arena ◽  
Foreign Merchants

During the period from Mexican independence in 1821 to the end of the French intervention in 1867, Mexico's primary tie to the outside world was based on trade. The foreign merchants, who monopolized this activity, played a crucial role in the economic, diplomatic, and political life of Mexico. The current literature on these nineteenth century merchants includes studies of foreign groups, such as the French, detailed case studies of individual entrepreneurs, firms and merchant families, and one work that provides a unique state-centered perspective on the Mexican/merchant nexus. None, however, have tried to conceptualize the role of foreign merchants as a whole, across national lines and individual rivalries, in the port cities that were the central arena of contact and conflict with the outside world.

Lesbian Perversity and Victorian Marriage: The 1864 Codrington Divorce Trial

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Vicinus
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Homosexual Behavior ◽  
Public Discussion ◽  
The Past ◽  
Control Information ◽  
Lesbian Sexuality ◽  
The Face ◽  
Female Homosexual Behavior

How and when did society first recognize women's homoerotic bonds? Were these romantic friendships fully accepted, or were they seen as problematic? Did the women involved see themselves as lesbians? These and other questions have been raised over the past twenty years by historians of lesbian sexuality. When Lillian Faderman in her pioneering survey of European and American lesbians declared the nineteenth century as the golden age of unproblematic romantic friendships, historians quickly responded with evidence to the contrary. Much of this debate has been focused on whether or not women could be considered “lesbian” before they claimed (or had forced on them) a publicly acknowledged identity. But the modern lesbian did not appear one day fully formed in the case studies of the fin-de-siècle sexologists; rather she was already a recognizable, if shadowy, subject for gossip among the sophisticated by at least the 1840s and 1850s. By examining closely a single divorce trial, I hope to show that literary and legal elites acknowledged lesbian sexuality in a variety of complex ways. Their uneasy disapproval encompassed both a self-conscious silence in the face of evidence and a desire to control information, lest it corrupt the innocent. Yet who can define the line between the ignorant and the informed? The very public discussion of the Codrington divorce, and most especially the role of the feminist, Emily Faithfull, in alienating Helen Codrington's affections from her husband, demonstrate the recognition of female homosexual behavior.

Science

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. Vollmer ◽  
Kocku von Stuckrad
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Conceptual Distinction ◽  
Complexity Thesis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the ways religion and science have been related to each other since the nineteenth century, taking into account contemporary debates on the role of the church in society and of the professionalization of science. There are at least four different positions on how to conceptualize the relationship: the conflict thesis, the complexity thesis, the dynamism thesis, and the discursive perspective. Most discussions of the relationship between religion and science operate with a conceptual distinction that defines ‘religion’ and ‘science’ as clear, separate categories, which then are related to each other, creating rigid dichotomies. The chapter discusses integrative and discursive approaches that are more suitable to capture the complexity of meanings of ‘religion’ and ‘science’ and that attempt to move beyond problematic dichotomous constructions. Two case studies demonstrate the usefulness of discursive approaches for the study of religion and science.

A Rejoinder to Abraham Hirsch

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Hollander ◽  
Sandra Peart
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Basic Order

The dispute between Hollander and Peart, and Hirsch, turns on the nature and role of verification in Mill's perception of the appropriate method for Political Economy. Professor Hirsch maintains against us that, for Mill, the models constructed by political economists are insulated from verification. His case is based on two counterclaims. First, that when Mill writes of “verification” in Book III of the Logic, he has in mind a procedure differing from that appropriate for Political Economy, which allows only “indirect verification” (outlined in Book VI). Hirsch finds that Hollander and Peart confuse the two. Secondly, since the contexts of our case studies often relate to policy formulation, Hirsch finds our elucidations of an appeal to experience of a more basic order to be unconvincing.

The Political Economy of Opium Smuggling in Early Nineteenth Century India: Leakage or Resistance?

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAUDE MARKOVITS
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Central India ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
The Political ◽  
Western India ◽  
Trading System

AbstractThis article looks at the political economy of opium smuggling in India in the first decades of the nineteenth century, in particular in relation to Sindh, one of the last independent polities in the subcontinent. After a description of the smuggling of ‘Malwa’ opium (grown in the princely states of Central India) into China—in defiance of the monopoly of the East India Company over ‘Bengal’ or ‘Patna’ opium, grown in Bihar—it considers the role of Indian merchants and capitalists in its emergence and development, and critiques the argument put forward in a recent book by Amar Farooqi that it represented both a form of ‘subversion’ and that it contributed decisively to capital accumulation in Western India. This article concludes by analysing the role of the opium trade in integrating Sindh into the British imperial trading system, arguing that it was more effective in boosting Empire than in nurturing indigenous capitalism in India.

Introduction to Part II

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Ryan Walter
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Parliamentary Debate ◽  
Bank Of England ◽  
Abstract Level ◽  
Corn Laws ◽  
Development Of Economic Theory

This Introduction indicates the aim of the two chapters that follow: to illustrate how parliamentary debate provided political economy with its topics of discussion and forms of argument. The particular case studies are the Bullion Controversy and the Corn Laws debate. The first controversy concerned the role of the Bank of England in raising prices through an excessive note issue, and this question came to be examined by writers such as Malthus and Ricardo at an abstract level. But this style of argument was rejected as inappropriate for guiding the deliberations of Parliament in 1810–1811. In relation to the second case, the Corn Laws, c. 1813–1815, the question of whether or not the trade in corn should be free was treated in Parliament as a question requiring casuistical adjudication, a style of argument that Malthus and Ricardo were evidently obliged to adopt, along with other participants. Both topics have traditionally been studied as key moments in the development of economic theory, yet the account developed here suggests that we have typically misread the texts by placing them in unhistorical contexts.

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