Deriving VOS from VSO in Tongan

Research on word order has established several possible ways in which VOS order can be derived from VSO order. This chapter considers the derivational relationship between VSO and VOS in the Polynesian language Tongan. VSO order is basic in Tongan, and we address the derivation of VOS from this basic order in the context of multiple possibilities. We argue that Tongan VOS is better analyzed as rightward displacement of the subject as opposed to leftward displacement of the object proposed by Otsuka (2005a,c). The clause-final subject shows many of the hallmarks of rightward movement, including information-structural restrictions, locality with respect to the matrix clause, lack of clitic doubling, and connectivity with respect to case and binding. Given that rightward movement has an uneasy place in syntactic theory, we take pains to establish that the analysis is successful and worth further scrutiny.

English Language

English is both the most studied of the world’s languages and the most widely used. It comes closer than any other language to functioning as a world communication medium and is very widely used for governmental purposes. This situation is the result of a number of historical accidents of different magnitudes. The linguistic properties of the language itself would not have motivated its choice (contra the talk of prescriptive usage writers who stress the clarity and logic that they believe English to have). Divided into multiple dialects, English has a phonological system involving remarkably complex consonant clusters and a large inventory of distinct vowel nuclei; a bad, confusing, and hard-to-learn alphabetic orthography riddled with exceptions, ambiguities, and failures of the spelling to correspond to the pronunciation; a morphology that is rather more complex than is generally appreciated, with seven or eight paradigm patterns and a couple of hundred irregular verbs; a large multilayered lexicon containing roots of several quite distinct historical sources; and a syntax that despite its very widespread SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) basic order in the clause is replete with tricky details. For example, there are crucial restrictions on government of prepositions, many verb-preposition idioms, subtle constraints on the intransitive prepositions known as “particles,” an important distinction between two (or under a better analysis, three) classes of verb that actually have different syntax, and a host of restrictions on the use of its crucial “wh-words.” It is only geopolitical and historical accidents that have given English its enormous importance and prestige in the world, not its inherent suitability for its role.

Perbandingan Hukum Pembubaran Partai Politik Jerman dan Indonesia

The objective of this article is to analyze the mechanism of dissolution political parties in Germany in order to find the right policy of dissolution political parties in Indonesia. Normative juridical research methods are used in this study with case studies and comparative approaches. The data source used is the secondary data source, which consists of primary legal material, secondary legal material, and tertiary legal material. This research analyzed descriptively qualitative. The conclusion obtained is that the dissolution of political parties denied the right of association and assembly which is endorsed by the constitution. The German Constitutional Court has disbanded political parties proportionally by examining and deciding on the dissolution of political parties not only in text but also in the context which meets the criteria of ”clear and present danger” to the sovereignty of the German Federal Government and the free democratic basic order. Therefore, it is necessary to redesign the disruption of the dissolution of political parties in Indonesia with empirical sociological and psychological studies in order to meet the ”clear and present danger” criteria

Mechanical Conduct on Banana Fiber Fortified Polymer Composite with the Effect of Fiber Stacking and Length of Fiber on the Properties of Composites

In view of the growing normal concerns, bio composite delivered out of customary fiber and polymeric tar, is one of the late headways in the business and comprises the present degree of experimental work. The utilization of composite materials field is expanding bit by bit in designing. The composite comprises of fundamentally two stages for example grid and fiber. The availability of trademark fiber and effortlessness of amassing have allured researchers worldwide to endeavour by local benchmarks open cheap fiber and to learning their reachability of fortress judgments and to what degree they satisfy the obliged specifics of extraordinary fortified polymer composite went for basic order. Fiber fortified polymer composites has various inclinations, for instance, by and large negligible exertion of creation, easy to create and preferred quality difference over immaculate polymer tars due with this reason fiber reinforced polymer composite used inside a combination of arrangement as class of structure material. This work depict the mechanical conduct of banana fiber fortified polymer composite with the remarkable references to the effect of fiber stacking and length of fiber on the properties of composites.

Die Effektivität parlamentarischer Opposition. Überlegungen de lege lata et ferenda unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Urteils des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 3 . Mai 2016

Although the right to form and exercise parliamentary opposition has always been recognized as an essential part of the free democratic basic order, there is widespread disagreement within jurisprudence about the specific status of oppositional actors in the German Bundestag . The ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court of May 3, 2016 has provided little clarity in this respect . While the court rightly recognizes the principle of effective opposition, many issues remain unclear, particularly with regard to the constitutional derivation on the one hand and the practical consequences of the principle on the other . This contribution attempts to answer these questions and finally pleads for an opposition-sensitive design of the instruments of parliamentary committees of inquiry and abstract norm control in order to ensure the effectiveness of parliamentary opposition also by formal law .

TERTIB DASAR PEMBENTUKAN PERATURAN DAERAH DI PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR

Regional autonomy has given authority to local governments to regulate and manage their own government households. The authority of the regional government in regulating this is realized through regional authority to make legal products called Regional Regulations. This regulation is an operational juridical instrument and controlling instrument for the implementation of regional autonomy. Law Number 12 of 2011 concerning the Establishment of Legislation Regulations mandates that there are stages that must be passed in forming legislation, namely through the stages of planning, drafting, discussion, ratification or stipulation, and promulgation. This study examines and answers the problems regarding the procedure for establishing Regional Regulations in East Java Province. From the normative aspect, how is the process of establishing a Regional Regulation in East Java Province, and whether its formation is in accordance with the orderly basis of the formation of the Laws and Regulations. This study is a normative juridical study using a statute approach and conceptual approach. The results of the study state that the Establishment of Regional Regulations in the Provinces in East Java is in accordance with the basic order of the establishment of Legislation. There are stages in the formation of the Regional Regulation, which refers to the East Java Provincial Regulation No. 1 of 2015 concerning the Establishment of Regional Legal Products. The stages of establishing a Regional Regulation include: Planning, drafting, discussion, final alignment, stipulation or ratification, enactment, clarification and evaluation; and dissemination.

Redesign Of Constitutional Mechanism For The Dissolution Of Political Parties: Comparative Study Of Indonesia and Germany (Redesain Mekanisme Konstitusional Pembubaran Partai Politik: Kajian Perbandingan Indonesia dan Jerman)

Dissolution of political parties is an authority that is monopolized by the Indonesian Constitutional Court and the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. In contrast to the dissolution of associations, political parties have an important role in determining government policies that require specifically in the constitution. The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany has until now received nine requests for the dissolution of a political party with five decisions, namely two dissolutions granted and three dismissal of a political party has been rejected. While the Indonesian Constitutional Court since its establishment has never examined the dissolution of political parties. Thus it becomes an important and interesting thing to uncover the problem of dissolution of political parties in Germany in order to find the right policy in Indonesia. Normative juridical research methods are used in this study with case studies and comparison approaches. The conclusion obtained is that the dissolution of political parties denied the right of association and assembly which is endorsed by the constitution. The German Constitutional Court has disbanded political parties proportionally by examining and deciding on the dissolution of political parties not only in text but also in the context which meet the criteria of ”clear and present danger” to the sovereignty of the German Federal Government and the free democratic basic order. Therefore, it is necessary to redesign the disruption of the dissolution of political parties in Indonesia with empirical sociological and psychological studies in order to meet the ”clear and present danger” criteria.AbstrakPembubaran partai politik merupakan kewenangan yang dimonopoli, baik oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi Indonesia maupun Mahkamah Konstitusi Federal Jerman. Pembubaran partai politik berbeda dengan pembubaran organisasi lain, dikarenakan partai politik memiliki peran yang penting dalam penentuan kebijakan pemerintah yang pembatasannya perlu diatur khusus dalam konstitusi. Mahkamah Konstitusi Federal Jerman hingga saat ini telah menerima sembilan kali permohonan pembubaran partai politik dengan lima putusan yakni dua permohonan pembubaran dikabulkan dan tiga permohonan pembubaran partai politik ditolak. Sedangkan Mahkamah Konstitusi Indonesia sejak berdiri belum pernah memeriksa pembubaran partai politik. Dengan demikian, menjadi hal penting dan menarik untuk menganalisa mekanisme pembubaran partai politik di Jerman agar dapat ditemukan mekanisme yang tepat dalam pembubaran partai politik di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus dan perbandingan. Kesimpulan yang didapat dalam penelitian ini adalah pembubaran partai politik merupakan pembatasan hak berserikat dan berkumpul yang disahkan oleh konstitusi. Mahkamah Konstitusi Jerman telah melaksanakan pembubaran partai politik secara proporsional dengan memeriksa dan memutus pembubaran partai politik tidak hanya secara teks tetapi juga konteksnya yang memenuhi kriteria “clear and present danger” terhadap kedaulatan Pemerintah Federal Jerman dan tatanan demokrasi yang bebas. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan desain ulang mekanisme pembubaran partai politik di Indonesia dengan kajian sosiologis dan psikologis secara empiris agar memenuhi kriteria “clear and present danger”.

Parsed Corpus as a Source for Testing Generalizations in Japanese Syntax

In this paper, we discuss constituent ordering generalizations in Japanese. Japanese has SOV as its basic order, but a significant range of argument order variations brought about by ‘scrambling’ is permitted. Although scrambling does not induce much in the way of semantic effects, it is conceivable that marked orders are derived from the unmarked order under some pragmatic or other motivations. The difference in the effect of basic and derived order is not reflected in native speaker’s grammaticality judgments, but we suggest that the intuition about the ordering of arguments may be attested in corpus data. By using the Keyaki treebank (a proper subset of which is NINJAL Parsed Corpus of Modern Japanese (NPCMJ)), it is shown that the naturally-occurring corpus data confirm that marked orderings of arguments are less frequent than their unmarked ordering counterparts. We suggest some possible motivations lying behind the argument order variations.