The antibody response to Dracunculus medinensis in an endemic human population of northern Ghana

AbstractThe serum antibody response (total, and isotypes IgG1, IgG4, IgM, IgA and IgE) to Guinea worm infection was examined in humans from a highly endemic area of northern Ghana by ELISA and SDSPAGE/Western blot techniques using an adult D. medinensis antigen. Sera were obtained early and late in the peak transmission period, from persons with patent and postpatent infections, as well as from persons from the same endemic area who claimed never to have had Guinea worm infection. To observe for potential cross-reactions in the tests, sera were also obtained from areas with no transmission of Guinea worm from patients with hookworm. O. volvulus and W. bancrofti infections, and from non-infected controls. Sera from persons living in the Guinea worm endemic area reacted extensively with Guinea worm antigen in both tests, and large numbers of bands were produced in the Western blots (up to 35 identified for some sera). For most antibody isotypes, the ELISA absorbance values obtained with sera from the same individuals varied between the two transmission seasons, with the highest titres present towards the end of the peak transmission period. The mean antibody titres for persons in the patent and postpatent infection categories were not significantly different when sera were obtained at the same season of the year. Persons from the endemic area, who claimed never to experience patent infections, also had antibodies to Guinea worm, although at significantly lower mean levels than for the patent and postpatent categories. The highest specificity in the ELISA and the most homogenous Western blots were obtained when detecting for antibodies of the IgG4 isotype.

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A graded-dose study of inactivated, surface antigen influenza B vaccine in volunteers: reactogenicity, antibody response and protection to challenge virus infection

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400063907 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 90 (1) ◽

pp. 107-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

A. Goodeve ◽

C. W. Potter ◽

A. Clark ◽

R. Jennings ◽

G. C. Schild ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Antibody Titre ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Influenza B ◽

Challenge Virus ◽

Antibody Titres ◽

Dose Study ◽

Serum Antibody Titre

SUMMARYOne hundred and nineteen volunteers were divided into five groups, and each volunteer inoculated subcutaneously with an aqueous subunit B/Hong Kong/73 vaccine containing 40, 20, 10, or 5 μg of HA or saline alone in a 0·5 ml volume. The incidence of reactions was recorded 24 h after inoculation. One month following immunization the serum HI antibody to B/Hong Kong/73 virus was measured; each volunteer was inoculated intranasally with live, attenuated influenza B (RB77) virus; and the incidence of infection by the challenge virus was determined by HI antibody response.The results showed that the incidence of reactions to all doses of vaccine were relatively low, the severity mild, and the duration short. However, the incidence of reactions was highest for those given 40 μg HA and least for those given 5 μg HA. The serum HI antibody responses to vaccine showed a dose-response relationship. For volunteers given 40 μg HA, 22 (96%) showed a fourfold rise in antibody titre and all volunteers had antibody titres of > 40 following immunization: for volunteers given 5 μg HA the g.m.t. increased from 16·6 to 86·1; and for those given 10 and 20 μg HA the response was intermediate. Following challenge, the lowest incidence of infection was seen in volunteers given the highest dose of vaccine. However, all doses of vaccine induced some protection against challenge virus infection, and the incidence of infection was directly related to the serum antibody titre at the time of challenge. The 50% protection titre of serum HI antibody was estimated as 15 to 20.

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Serum antibody response in acute brucellosis

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400046672 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 23-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

I. D. Farrell ◽

L. Robertson ◽

P. M. Hinchliffe

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Serological Diagnosis ◽

Serum Antibody Response ◽

Antibody Titres

SUMMARYThe serum antibody titres in 62 cases of acute brucellosis are presented. The antibody persisting after infection and the appearance of non-agglutinating antihuman globulin titres were investigated. The criteria for the serological diagnosis of acute and chronic brucellosis are discussed.

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Antibody response of carp, Cyprinus carpio to the cestode, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182099004242 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 118 (6) ◽

pp. 635-639 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

P. NIE ◽

D. HOOLE

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Immune Protection ◽

Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Bothriocephalus Acheilognathi ◽

Protection Against Infection ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Antibody Secreting Cells

The humoral antibody response and the number of pronephric antibody-secreting cells were examined in naturally Bothriocephalus acheilognathi-infected carp. Cyprinus carpio, and in those injected intraperitoneally with an extract of the cestode. In the extract-injected fish, specific antibody was detected 3 weeks after a second injection given 2 weeks after the primary injection, and antibody levels persisted for more than 200 days. A third injection also enhanced the antibody level in the extract-injected carp. The numbers of antibody-secreting cells were significantly higher in carp injected 3 times with the extract than in the control. In naturally-infected fish, the serum antibody levels and the number of pronephric antibody-secreting cells were higher in infected fish than in uninfected individuals although this difference was not statistically significant. The relevance of these results to immune protection against infection is discussed.

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Serodiagnosis and Bacterial Genome of Helicobacter pylori Infection

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13070467 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 467

Author(s):

Aina Ichihara ◽

Hinako Ojima ◽

Kazuyoshi Gotoh ◽

Osamu Matsushita ◽

Susumu Take ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Antibody Titer ◽

Bacterial Genome ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Gene Mutations ◽

Bacterial Genomes ◽

Western Blots ◽

A Genome ◽

Vaca Gene ◽

H Pylori

The infection caused by Helicobacter pylori is associated with several diseases, including gastric cancer. Several methods for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection exist, including endoscopy, the urea breath test, and the fecal antigen test, which is the serum antibody titer test that is often used since it is a simple and highly sensitive test. In this context, this study aims to find the association between different antibody reactivities and the organization of bacterial genomes. Next-generation sequences were performed to determine the genome sequences of four strains of antigens with different reactivity. The search was performed on the common genes, with the homology analysis conducted using a genome ring and dot plot analysis. The two antigens of the highly reactive strains showed a high gene homology, and Western blots for CagA and VacA also showed high expression levels of proteins. In the poorly responsive antigen strains, it was found that the inversion occurred around the vacA gene in the genome. The structure of bacterial genomes might contribute to the poor reactivity exhibited by the antibodies of patients. In the future, an accurate serodiagnosis could be performed by using a strain with few gene mutations of the antigen used for the antibody titer test of H. pylori.

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Virus-specific memory T cell responses unmasked by immune checkpoint blockade cause hepatitis

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-21572-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

James A. Hutchinson ◽

Katharina Kronenberg ◽

Paloma Riquelme ◽

Jürgen J. Wenzel ◽

Gunther Glehr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Checkpoint ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽

Checkpoint Blockade ◽

Effector Memory ◽

Specific Memory ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

Antibody Titres ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

After Cancer

AbstractTreatment of advanced melanoma with combined PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade commonly causes serious immune-mediated complications. Here, we identify a subset of patients predisposed to immune checkpoint blockade-related hepatitis who are distinguished by chronic expansion of effector memory CD4+ T cells (TEM cells). Pre-therapy CD4+ TEM cell expansion occurs primarily during autumn or winter in patients with metastatic disease and high cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific serum antibody titres. These clinical features implicate metastasis-dependent, compartmentalised CMV reactivation as the cause of CD4+ TEM expansion. Pre-therapy CD4+ TEM expansion predicts hepatitis in CMV-seropositive patients, opening possibilities for avoidance or prevention. 3 of 4 patients with pre-treatment CD4+ TEM expansion who received αPD-1 monotherapy instead of αPD-1/αCTLA-4 therapy remained hepatitis-free. 4 of 4 patients with baseline CD4+ TEM expansion given prophylactic valganciclovir and αPD-1/αCTLA-4 therapy remained hepatitis-free. Our findings exemplify how pathogen exposure can shape clinical reactions after cancer therapy and how this insight leads to therapeutic innovations.

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A/H1N1 hemagglutinin antibodies show comparable affinity in vaccine-related Narcolepsy type 1 and control and are unlikely to contribute to pathogenesis

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83543-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alexander Lind ◽

Ilaria Marzinotto ◽

Cristina Brigatti ◽

Anita Ramelius ◽

Lorenzo Piemonti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Antigenic Determinant ◽

Etiological Agent ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Antibody Affinity ◽

Antibody Titres ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

And Control ◽

Radiobinding Assay

AbstractAn increased incidence of narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) was observed in Scandinavia following the 2009–2010 influenza Pandemrix vaccination. The association between NT1 and HLA-DQB1*06:02:01 supported the view of the vaccine as an etiological agent. A/H1N1 hemagglutinin (HA) is the main antigenic determinant of the host neutralization antibody response. Using two different immunoassays, the Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS) and Radiobinding Assay (RBA), we investigated HA antibody levels and affinity in an exploratory and in a confirmatory cohort of Swedish NT1 patients and healthy controls vaccinated with Pandemrix. HA antibodies were increased in NT1 patients compared to controls in the exploratory (LIPS p = 0.0295, RBA p = 0.0369) but not in the confirmatory cohort (LIPS p = 0.55, RBA p = 0.625). HA antibody affinity, assessed by competition with Pandemrix vaccine, was comparable between patients and controls (LIPS: 48 vs. 39 ng/ml, p = 0.81; RBA: 472 vs. 491 ng/ml, p = 0.65). The LIPS assay also detected higher HA antibody titres as associated with HLA-DQB1*06:02:01 (p = 0.02). Our study shows that following Pandemrix vaccination, HA antibodies levels and affinity were comparable NT1 patients and controls and suggests that HA antibodies are unlikely to play a role in NT1 pathogenesis.

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