scholarly journals A graded-dose study of inactivated, surface antigen influenza B vaccine in volunteers: reactogenicity, antibody response and protection to challenge virus infection

1983 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Goodeve ◽  
C. W. Potter ◽  
A. Clark ◽  
R. Jennings ◽  
G. C. Schild ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Dose Study ◽  
Serum Antibody Titre

SUMMARYOne hundred and nineteen volunteers were divided into five groups, and each volunteer inoculated subcutaneously with an aqueous subunit B/Hong Kong/73 vaccine containing 40, 20, 10, or 5 μg of HA or saline alone in a 0·5 ml volume. The incidence of reactions was recorded 24 h after inoculation. One month following immunization the serum HI antibody to B/Hong Kong/73 virus was measured; each volunteer was inoculated intranasally with live, attenuated influenza B (RB77) virus; and the incidence of infection by the challenge virus was determined by HI antibody response.The results showed that the incidence of reactions to all doses of vaccine were relatively low, the severity mild, and the duration short. However, the incidence of reactions was highest for those given 40 μg HA and least for those given 5 μg HA. The serum HI antibody responses to vaccine showed a dose-response relationship. For volunteers given 40 μg HA, 22 (96%) showed a fourfold rise in antibody titre and all volunteers had antibody titres of > 40 following immunization: for volunteers given 5 μg HA the g.m.t. increased from 16·6 to 86·1; and for those given 10 and 20 μg HA the response was intermediate. Following challenge, the lowest incidence of infection was seen in volunteers given the highest dose of vaccine. However, all doses of vaccine induced some protection against challenge virus infection, and the incidence of infection was directly related to the serum antibody titre at the time of challenge. The 50% protection titre of serum HI antibody was estimated as 15 to 20.

scholarly journals Immunity to influenza in ferrets V. Immunization with inactivated virus in adjuvant 65

1973 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Potter ◽  
C. McLaren ◽  
S. L. Shore
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Febrile Reaction ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Homologous Virus ◽  
Detectable Serum

SUMMARYFerrets infected with influenza virus A2/Hong Kong/3/68 responded with a febrile reaction; the temperature was elevated by 1·0°C. or greater to a level of 40°C. or more. In addition, relatively high titres of virus were recovered from nasal washings taken 3 days after virus infection, serum antibody was produced, increased nasal protein was detected and nasal washings contained both HI and neutralizing antibody. Of four ferrets immunized with 400 CCA units of inactivated influenza virus A2/Aichi/2/68 in saline, only one produced detectable serum HI antibody, and none produced detectable nasal antibody. These ferrets were subsequently found to be susceptible to intranasal infection with influenza virus A2/Hong Kong/3/68. Thus, the temperature response, the titre of virus recovered from nasal washings and the serum HI antibody response found after virus infection was similar to that found after infection of non-immunized ferrets. However, the increase in protein concentration and the titre of HI and neutralizing antibody found in nasal washings after virus infection was detectably less than that found after virus infection of non-immunized ferrets.Four ferrets were immunized with 400 CCA units of inactivated A2/Aichi/2/68 virus in adjuvant 65, and these ferrets produced relatively high titres of serum HI antibody but no detectable nasal antibody. After subsequent virus infection with influenza virus A2/Hong Kong/3/68, these ferrets showed a modified temperature response, reduced titres of virus in nasal washings compared to that found in nasal washings from non-immunized ferrets, no increase in nasal protein and no detectable nasal HI antibody. Thus, immunization with inactivated virus in adjuvant 65 resulted in a significant modification of the response of ferrets to challenge virus; however, the immunity was not complete, and appreciably less than that found after infection with live homologous virus.

scholarly journals A comparison of live and inactivated influenza A (H1N1) virus vaccines: Short-term immunity

1983 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Clark ◽  
C. W. Potter ◽  
R. Jennings ◽  
J. P. Nicholl ◽  
A. F. Langrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Aqueous Surface

SUMMARYGroups of volunteers were immunized subcutaneously with one of three inacti vated influenza virus A/USSR/77 (HlNl) vaccine preparations; a whole virus vaccine, a surface-antigen subunit adsorbed vaccine, or an aqueous surface-antigen subunit vaccine. The reactions to immunization were recorded, and the antibody response was measured 1 month later. A fourth group of volunteers were inoculated intranasally with live attentuated A/USSR/77 (H1N1) influenza virus; the reactions and antibody response of these volunteers were also measured. One month after immunization, the incidence of infection by challenge with homologous live attentuated virus was determined for all groups of volunteers. The results showed that all four vaccines used were relatively non-reactogenic, and that inactivated vaccines induced higher titres of serum antibody than the live attenuated vaccine. All the vaccines induced significant protection against challenge virus infection which was directly related to the level of serum HI antibody response.

scholarly journals Vaccination against Hong Kong influenza in Britain, 1968–9: A report to the Medical Research Council Committee on Influenza and other Respiratory Virus Vaccines

1970 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. J. Tyrrell ◽  
Rosemary Buckland ◽  
D. Rubenstein ◽  
D. M. Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Polyvalent Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Made In ◽  
Intranasal Spray

SUMMARYStudies of the effect of Hong Kong (HK) influenza vaccine were made in adults and children in Great Britain during 1968 and 1969. The vaccines were administered intramuscularly and also by intranasal spray. The serum antibody response was studied in 284 subjects. Most developed rising titres to vaccine given intramuscularly and few to vaccine given intranasally. Deoxycholate-split vaccine was as potent as conventional whole virus vaccine. Antibody titres were maintained for months. Over 4000 subjects in factories, offices and schools were observed during the epidemic. The incidence of disease was not significantly reduced by either form of vaccination. A survey was made of epidemics in boarding schools in which some of the pupils had been vaccinated, in six with commercial polyvalent vaccine and in five with HK; there was a lower incidence of influenza in two schools vaccinated 2 or 4 weeks earlier with HK vaccine.

scholarly journals Effect of vitamins, minerals and probiotics on production of antibody and live weight gain following vaccination with BCRDV in broiler birds

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Monoura ◽  
M Rahman ◽  
MFR Khan ◽  
MB Rahman ◽  
MM Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

The effect of vitamins, minerals and probiotics supplementation to the balanced ration of the broiler chicks on the immune response and growth performance after vaccination with BCRDV was evaluated. For this 50 broiler birds were divided into five equal groups such as A, B, C, D and E, and five types of separate treatments with normal poultry feed were provided to the indivisual experimental groups. All the birds were vaccinated with BCRDV primarily at 3 days of age and boostered at 17 days of age. The birds of group A, B, C and D were supplemented with only probiotics, mixture of probiotics and minerals, mixture of probiotics, minerals and vitamins, respectively. The birds of group E were kept as vaccinated control. Blood samples were collected at the age of 9, 12, 16, 23, 26 and 30 days sequencially. The serum antibody titres were measured by HI test and ELISA. The highest value of HI antibody titre was 384±242.65 (Mean ±SD) in group B at 23 days of age. The lowest value of HI at 23 days was 56±32.86 (Mean ±SD) obtained in group C. The ELISA antibody titre was also highest (4675.12±485.72) at 23 days in group B and obviously the lowest (2169.38±724.45) in control group E. In case of group C, the ELISA antibody titre was 3105.73±877.57 at 23 days but then the titre decreased gradually compared to control group. The highest body weight (1420±90.82) was recorded at 30 days of age in group D and the lowest value (1188±44.38) was in group B. Key words: Probiotics, BCRDV, broiler birds DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v6i1.1336 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (1): 31-36

scholarly journals Immunity to attenuated influenza virus WRL 105 infection induced by heterologous, inactivated influenza A virus vaccines

1977 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Potter ◽  
R. Jennings ◽  
K. Nicholson ◽  
D. A. J. Tyrrell ◽  
K. G. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Two Factors

SUMMARYGroups of student volunteers were immunized with one of five different inactivated influenza virus vaccines. The concentration of virus in the various vaccines differed by both the international unitage test and by the concentration of haemagglutinin, as measured by the single radial diffusion test; the results of the two methods of standardization showed no correlation. The serum HI response to immunization was variable; volunteers given A/England/72 showed a 16·6-fold increase in homologous serum antibody titre whilst volunteers given A/Hong Kong/68 vaccine showed a 4·2-fold increase. The variable response of volunteers to immunization could not be explained by the varied concentration of virus in the vaccines, as measured by either test, the titres of serum HI antibody present before immunization, or a combination of these two factors.The ability to infect volunteers with WRL 105 virus 4 weeks after immunization with heterologous, inactivated virus vaccine was directly related to the degree of cross-reactivity between the haemagglutinins of this vaccine virus and WRL 105 virus. Thus, the greatest number of infections by the challenge virus were seen in volunteers given A/Hong Kong/68 vaccine, less were observed in volunteers given A/England/72 vaccine, and least were found in groups given A/Port Chalmers/73 or A/Scotland/74 vaccine. However, compared with the incidence of infection in volunteers given B/Hong Kong/73 vaccine, all the heterologous influenza A vaccine gave some immunity to challenge infection.

scholarly journals Influenza B at Christ's Hospital: natural antibody to influenza B estimated by radial haemolysis

1981 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Grilli ◽  
J. R. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Different Strains

SummaryThe technique of radial haemolysis (SRH) was used to assess the response to infection with different strains of influenza B virus, to determine the persistence of antibody following such infection and to examine sera from boys entering school at age 11 years. The technique detected 95 % of infections and in primary infection the antibody response was mainly to the infecting strain. Re-infections resulted in a broad response, both to the homotypic strain and to strains more distantly related. Antibody to the homotypic strain persisted for at least 3 years but in some individuals the reaction with heterotypic strains tended to become weaker – resulting in zones of incomplete lysis – or was lost. Examination of the sera collected on entry to the school showed that about 60 % of the boys bled before B/Hong Kong became widespread in the United Kingdom had antibody to strains representative of those isolated in the 1960s and few boys had antibody to B/Hong Kong. After 1974 antibody to B/Hong Kong and later strains became more common while antibody to earlier strains was less frequently detected. The significance of the results as an estimate of past experience is discussed.

scholarly journals Protection by a polyvalent influenza vaccine and persistence of homologous and heterologous HI antibodies during a period of two epidemic seasons

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pyhälä
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Trial Period ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
The Individual

SUMMARYA split-product influenza A vaccine which contained an influenza B strain (B/Hong Kong/8/73) and two influenza A strains, antigenically identical with A/Fort Dix/741/76 (HswlNl) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2), was offered to personnel of the CPHL. Changes in the antibody status were followed with serum samples collected from 153 participants on the day of vaccination and 1, 13 and 18 months thereafter. During the two epidemic seasons in the trial period there were only four serological influenza A infections (2·6%) among the vaccinees. This is one eighth of the corresponding infection rate (22%) in the general population estimated on the basis of other indices.The vaccinees' antibody response was strongly influenced by the age of the individual subjects. During the trial period the decrease in the antibody titres slowed down. The geometric mean titres of homologous HI antibodies were still substantially higher at the end of the period than at the beginning. This also applied to heterologous antibodies against H1N1 viruses in persons born between 1926 and 1952. In participants born after 1952, the vaccine was not able to evoke these antibodies, and in participants born in or before 1925 the boosting effect was poor.

The antibody response to Dracunculus medinensis in an endemic human population of northern Ghana

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bloch ◽  
P. E. Simonsen ◽  
B. J. Vennervald
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Guinea Worm ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Transmission Period ◽  
Peak Transmission

AbstractThe serum antibody response (total, and isotypes IgG1, IgG4, IgM, IgA and IgE) to Guinea worm infection was examined in humans from a highly endemic area of northern Ghana by ELISA and SDSPAGE/Western blot techniques using an adult D. medinensis antigen. Sera were obtained early and late in the peak transmission period, from persons with patent and postpatent infections, as well as from persons from the same endemic area who claimed never to have had Guinea worm infection. To observe for potential cross-reactions in the tests, sera were also obtained from areas with no transmission of Guinea worm from patients with hookworm. O. volvulus and W. bancrofti infections, and from non-infected controls. Sera from persons living in the Guinea worm endemic area reacted extensively with Guinea worm antigen in both tests, and large numbers of bands were produced in the Western blots (up to 35 identified for some sera). For most antibody isotypes, the ELISA absorbance values obtained with sera from the same individuals varied between the two transmission seasons, with the highest titres present towards the end of the peak transmission period. The mean antibody titres for persons in the patent and postpatent infection categories were not significantly different when sera were obtained at the same season of the year. Persons from the endemic area, who claimed never to experience patent infections, also had antibodies to Guinea worm, although at significantly lower mean levels than for the patent and postpatent categories. The highest specificity in the ELISA and the most homogenous Western blots were obtained when detecting for antibodies of the IgG4 isotype.

Variation in the absorption of a colostrally secreted marker antibody in piglets

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Perry ◽  
J. H. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Marked Variation ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Piglet Serum ◽  
Salmonella Pullorum ◽  
Serum Antibody Titre

1. Sixteen sows were immunised in late pregnancy with Salmonella pullorum antigen. Sows showed marked differences in serum antibody titre at parturition.2. Twelve hours after birth, serum antibody titres in the 173 piglets born to the 16 sows were measured. They were positively related to the serum titres of their mother.3. Marked variation existed in the antibody titres of colostra from different teats and from different sows. No relationship was found between colostral titres and the titres in sow or piglet sera.4. Sow and piglet serum titres were negatively related to piglet and litter weight gain from birth to 7 days of age.5. Those piglets with high serum antibody titres at 12 hr. after birth displayed better growth rates and enjoyed lower mortality than piglets with low antibody titres.

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