scholarly journals Haemolytic streptococci in the dust of hospital wards, and their relationship to infection: A report to the Medical Research Council

1944 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick G. ff. Edward
Keyword(s):  
Research Council ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Streptococcal Infection ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Group A ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Hospital Wards ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nose And Throat

1. A weekly examination for haemolytic streptococci was made of the dust of two hospital wards; observations lasted in each ward for about six months. The wards chosen were a combined ear, nose and throat and eye ward used for adult patients, and a children's ward.2. It was found that on an average for the whole period the dust of the former ward contained 300,000 haemolytic streptococci per gram and the dust of the latter 250,000 per gram.3. Representative colonies of haemolytic streptococci grown from each sample of dust were examined serologically to determine their group. About 33% of those isolated from the E.N.T. Eye ward were group A and about 80% of those from the children's ward.4. In order to determine the relationship of the streptococci in the dust to streptococcal infection among patients and staff, throat swabs and swabs from septic lesions were regularly examined.5. In the children's ward 27·8% of 270 patients were found to be infected with haemolytic streptococci either on admission or at some time during their stay in hospital. The incidence of infection acquired in hospital was more than 12·2%. About two-thirds of these infections were latent.6. Group A streptococci isolated from the dust and swabs were identified serologically according to type. It was noted that the occurrence of a particular type in the dust often resulted from the presence of one or more infected persons in the ward.7. It was, however, frequently noted that a particular type made its first appearance in the dust when it could not be cultured from any of the swabs. It is possible that these strains were introduced to the ward by visitors, such as patients' relatives and friends or patients from other wards coming for septic dressings.8. No conclusive example of a hospital cross-infection conveyed by dust was noted.I wish to thank Dr T. J. Hennelly and Dr D. G. Morgan, Medical Superintendents of the two hospitals, for giving me the facilities to carry out the investigation; also Dr S. T. Crowther and Dr Duncan Davies, and the sisters and nursing staff for their assistance and co-operation. I am especially indebted to Dr V. D. Allison for his helpful advice and criticism.

Δείκτες παρακολούθησης και πρόγνωσης στην ιδιοπαθή πνευμονική ίνωση

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Χριστίνα Τριανταφυλλίδου
Keyword(s):  
Survival Analysis ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Exertional Dyspnea ◽  
Functional Parameters ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background: In Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) irreversibly progressive fibrosingparenchymal damage, leads to defects in mechanics and gas exchange, manifesting withdisabling exertional dyspnea. Previous studies have shown a relationship betweenfibroblast foci (FF) profusion and disease severity and survival. We hypothesized arelationship between Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale with FF, and arelationship between FF and functional parameters and survival.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 24 histologically documented IPF patients.Profusion of FF was semiquantitatively evaluated by two scores, Brompton andMichigan. Survival analysis was performed by fitting Cox regression models toexamine the relationship of the two scores with survival and the non-parametricSpearman correlation coefficient was calculated to describe the relationships of FFscores with dyspnea scores and functional parameters.Results: No statistically significant correlation between FF scores and the MRC scoreswas observed (p = 0.96 and p = 0.508 respectively). No significant correlation betweenFF scores and survival (p = 0.438 and p = 0.861 respectively) or any functionalparameter was observed.Conclusions: The lack of relationship between the MRC dyspnea scale and the FFmight relate to the fact that dyspnea in IPF better reflects the overall of lung damageand its related consequences on mechanics and gas exchange whereas FF, one of itshistological hallmarks, may not reflect its entire histology derangement also constrainedby the geographically limited sampled tissue. This might be also valid for the observedlack of association between FF and survival or functional parameters.

scholarly journals Laboratory studies on a strain of Asian influenza virus used as a living vaccine. (A report to the Medical Research Council Committee on Influenza and other Respiratory Virus Vaccines)

1967 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hobson ◽  
E. A. Gould ◽  
Hilary I. Flockton
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Elution Rate ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Two pools of living influenza vaccine derived from the Russian A 2 strain Iksha had given discrepant results in clinical trials. The less effective pool showed an increased thermostability of haemagglutinin, an increased elution rate from red blood cells and a reduced ability to grow in chorioallantoic membranes at temperatures above 40° C. The relationship of these findings to the virulence of influenza viruses is discussed.

scholarly journals Rheumatic Fever: Epidemiology and Prevention

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 765-765
Author(s):  
CHARLES H. RAMMELKAMP
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatic Fever ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Group A ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The 36 papers included in this symposium vary greatly in both length and manner of presentation. The book will be disappointing to the expert, since few data are presented and many of the contributions are merely abstracts or opinions. There are several notable exceptions. McCarty's review on the relationship of group A streptococci to rheumatic fever is excellent, as is the review of the epidemiology of these infections by Hedlund. The pediatrician will be interested in the data of Jersild which shows that sulfonamide treatment of hospitalized cases of scarlet fever did not reduce the incidence of this disease in the nurses, whereas since 1947, when these patients received penicillin no cases have developed among the nursing staff.

A Test of Satiation as a Function of Adaptation in Stuttering

1969 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold A. Peterson ◽  
Mary Beth Rieck ◽  
Rita K. Hoff
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Repeated Readings ◽  
Group A ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

To test the relationship of adaptation and satiation as hypothesized by Jakobovits, satiation of meaning as a function of repeated readings for adaptation was measured in the performance of 14 male stutterers. The subjects as a group exhibited both satiation and adaptation, but the two phenomena did not occur simultaneously in a significant number of the members of the group. A reduction in meaningfulness, as measured by the semantic differential, was not shown to be a significant factor in the reduction of stuttering frequency for the individuals in the group. Satiation and adaptation were not established as the same phenomenon, although the two may still be related through another factor.

scholarly journals Prediction of Reproductive Success in Multiparous First Service Dairy Cows by Parameters from In-Line Sensors

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 334
Author(s):  
Ramūnas Antanaitis ◽  
Vida Juozaitienė ◽  
Dovilė Malašauskienė ◽  
Mindaugas Televičius ◽  
Mingaudas Urbutis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Group A ◽  
Biochemical Indices ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the relationship of different parameters from an automatic milking system (AMS) with the pregnancy status of multiparous cows at first service and to assess the accuracy of such a follow-up with regard to blood parameters. Before the insemination of cows, blood samples for measuring biochemical indices were taken from the coccygeal vessels and the concentrations of blood serum albumin (ALB), cortisol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) were determined. From oestrus day to seven days after oestrus, the following parameters were registered: milk yield (MY), electric milk conductivity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB). The pregnancy status was evaluated using ultrasound “Easy scan” 30–35 days after insemination. Cows were grouped by reproductive status: PG− (non-pregnant; n = 48) and PG+ (pregnant; n = 44). The BHB level in PG− cows was 1.2 times higher (p < 0.005). The electrical conductivity of milk was statistically significantly higher in all quarters of PG− cows (1.07 times) than of PG+ cows (p < 0.05). The arithmetic mean of blood GGT was 1.61 times higher in PG− cows and the NEFA value 1.23 times higher (p < 0.05) compared with the PG+ group. The liver function was affected, the average ALB of PG− cows was 1.19 times lower (p < 0.05) and the AST activity was 1.16 times lower (p < 0.05) compared with PG+ cows. The non-pregnant group had a negative energy balance demonstrated by high in-line milk BHB and high blood NEFA concentrations. We found a greater number of cows with cortisol >0.0.75 mg/dL in the non-pregnant group. A higher milk electrical conductivity in the non-pregnant cows pointed towards a greater risk of mastitis while higher GGT activities together with lower albumin concentrations indicated that the cows were more affected by oxidative stress.

scholarly journals OXYGEN-STABLE HEMOLYSINS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI

1965 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Ginsburg ◽  
Zvi Bentwich ◽  
T. N. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Trypan Blue ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Optimal Production ◽  
Streptolysin S ◽  
Hemolytic Effect ◽  
Group A ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Maximal Production

The relationship of the streptococcal hemolysin which is recognized on incubation of RBC with streptococcal cells (cell-bound hemolysin, CBH), to RNA hemolysin, a representative of oxygen-stable hemolysin (streptolysin S) has been studied. A number of similarities have been found in the conditions for optimal production of each of these hemolysins, a requirement for cysteine, Mg++, and glucose; maximal production by streptococci in the stationary phase; similar curves of pH-dependence. In both systems, the production of hemolysin was inhibited by certain antibiotics, by ultraviolet irradiation, and by sonic disruption and was absent in the same streptococcal mutant strain. The hemolytic activity of both systems was inhibited by lecithin, trypan blue, and papain. Similarities were also found in relative susceptibilities to the two hemolytic systems of erythrocytes of a number of animal species. These data support a suggestion advanced in an earlier study that a streptococcal hemolytic moiety, which can be induced by, and carried on, a number of diverse agents to comprise the group of oxygen-stable hemolysins, serves, in its original attachment to a component of the streptococcal cell, to produce the hemolytic effect recognized as the cell-bound hemolysin.

scholarly journals Incidence and importance of streptococci in an institution for rheumatic children

1953 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Doxiadis ◽  
Sheila M. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Erythrocyte Sedimentation ◽  
Laboratory Facilities ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Group A ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Hospital School

1. The incidence of haemolytic streptococci in the patients of a Hospital School for rheumatic children was determined over a period of 1 year.2. In the total of 1644 throat and 1644 nasal swabs, group A strains were isolated from 20 throat and two nasal swabs. Eighty-seven strains of Lancefield's groups C and G and 54 strains of groups other than A, C, or G were isolated3. There was no evidence of cross-infection.4. Factors contributing to the low incidence of group A strains and the absence of cross-infection are discussed.5. The carriage of groups C and G strains did not appreciably affect the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.6. Although no direct evidence is available, the experience of the present study suggests that the incidence of streptococci in an institution for rheumatic children may be reduced by: (a) bacteriological screening before admission; (b) regular swabbing and Lancefield's grouping of streptococci isolated for the early detection of group A strains; and (c) administration of penicillin or sulphadiazine prophylactically to even a limited number of children.We thank Prof. R. S. Illingworth for his advice in the writing of this paper, Dr J. L. Emery for laboratory facilities, Dr R. E. O. Williams for his advice in the planning of the investigation, and the matron and sisters of Ash House Hospital School, Sheffield, for their assistance.The expenses of the investigation were defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council.

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