scholarly journals Variola minor in Braganca Paulista County, 1956: household aggregation of the disease and the influence of household size on the attack rate

1979 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan J. Angulo ◽  
Stephen D. Walter
Keyword(s):  
Attack Rate ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Size Number

SUMMARYHousehold aggregation of cases, one possible characteristic of person-to-person transmitted disease, was formally tested in one epidemic of variola minor by using a pair statistic. A significant result was found for all households as well as for households grouped by the type of environment, or by the phase of the epidemic growth in time. Secondary attack rates, when related to household size (number of susceptibles) showed only a marginal trend in rural households but no trend in urban or semi-rural households.

scholarly journals Secondary Attack Rate among Non-Spousal Household Contacts of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Tsuchiura, Japan, August 2020–February 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 8921
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Ogata ◽  
Fujiko Irie ◽  
Eiko Ogawa ◽  
Shifuko Ujiie ◽  
Aina Seki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Delay ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Mixed Regression ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Linear Mixed Regression Model

Household secondary attack rate (HSAR) by risk factor might have a higher transmission rate between spouses. We investigated risk factors for the HSAR among non-spousal household contacts of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We studied household contacts of index cases of COVID-19 in Tsuchiura, Japan, from August 2020 through February 2021. The HSARs of the whole household contacts and non-spousal household contacts were calculated and compared across risk factors. We used a generalized linear mixed regression model for multivariate analysis. We enrolled 496 household contacts of 236 index COVID-19 cases. The HSAR was higher for spousal household contacts (37.8%) than for other contacts (21.2%). The HSAR was lower for non-spousal household contacts with a household size (number of household members) of two (18.2%), compared to the HSAR for contacts with a household size ≥4. The HSAR was higher for non-spousal household contacts of index patients with ≥3 days of diagnostic delay (period between onset and diagnosis) (26.0%) compared to those with ≤2 days’ delay (12.5%) (p = 0.033). Among non-spousal household contacts, the HSAR was low for those with a household size of two and was high for contacts of index patients with a long diagnostic delay.

Analysis of income determinants among rural households in Kosovo

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-457
Author(s):  
Prespa Ymeri ◽  
Arben Musliu ◽  
Jehona Shkodra ◽  
Iliriana Miftari ◽  
Csaba Fogarassy
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Alternative Employment ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Nonfarm Income ◽  
Nonfarm Employment

AbstractKosovo is one of the poorest countries in Europe, despite the various poverty alleviation programs implemented by the authorities and the international funding community. This study aims to analyze income distribution inequality and factors behind rural households' poverty in Kosovo. Data on farm income, nonfarm income, unearned income, and socio-economic characteristics were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire from 203 randomly selected households in Kosovo. Linear regression, one-way ANOVA, and different versions of poverty indexes were used to examine the data. One-quarter of households' income comes from nonfarm activities. The middle-income households had the highest potential to find alternative employment in the nonfarm sector. Years of education, household size, number of family members above the age of 18, and total income had a positive impact on nonfarm revenues. The poorest rural households had the highest share of income from farm activities (77.52%). Nonfarm revenues have a positive impact on poverty alleviation; thus, the study suggests adopting suitable rural policies to enhance nonfarm employment for vulnerable rural households. The agro-tourism sector and circular economy approaches in agriculture with the focus on renewable energy can be considered as potential sources of nonfarm income, which could lead to sustainable poverty reduction.

THE SCALE OF WASTE OF BAKERY PRODUCTS IN HOUSEHOLDS

2018 ◽  
Vol XX (2) ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
Renata Korzeniowska-Ginter ◽  
Alina Dereszewska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Product Structure ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Baked Goods ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Chi2 Test

The aim of the study was to evaluate the excess of purchased and un-consumed bakery products. The research was carried out in 354 North Poland households. The waste product structure was analyzed according to selected factors: household size, number of towns and economic status. The results were statistically analysed using the Chi2 test. According to the respondents' declarations, no bakery waste is produced in 9.6% of the surveyed farms. It has been calculated that in the examined households, 0.61 to 1.2 kg of bread and 0.5 to 0.74 kg of small bakery products are wasted per month. A static relationship was found between the amount of wasted bread and all household and demographic and economic studied factors. These factors do not affect the amount of not used for consumption bread rolls and small baked goods.

scholarly journals Determinants of food security among rural households in Nigeria: USDA food insecurity experience based measurement (forms) approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
Kazeem Aboaba ◽  
Damilare Michael Fadiji ◽  
Jamiu Ayomide Hussayn
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Food Security Status ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Household Heads

This study was carried out to estimate the extent of food security and its determinants among rural households in Nigeria. Data for this study was obtained from 180 rural households consisting of 1260 members through the use of a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed with a descriptive technique and a less restrictive multinomial logistic regression model. The result found most rural households to be food insecure as they measure high on the food insecurity scale. Age, gender, marital status, access to credit, dependency ratio, household size, ownership of farmland and farming experience significantly influence food security categories. The study concluded that: female-headed married households were more food secure than male-headed households; an increase in age of household heads makes it more likely to be food secure, and so does access to credit facilities; conversely, an increase in family size and in the dependency ratio makes it less likely to be food secure. The study recommends that there should be provision and proper monitoring of credit facilities to small farmers in other to increase their scale of operation and improve their food security status. Also, adequate attention should be given to policy measures that address family planning in order to reduce the household size to a level the household heads can adequately cater for.

scholarly journals Poverty in Pakistan: A Region-Specific Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-163
Author(s):  
Muhammad Idrees
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
Poverty Lines

Most of the earlier literature on poverty in Pakistan uses a single poverty line for the whole country or, at most, relies on a rural-urban divide. This segmentation fails to incorporate differences across provinces. This study estimates different poverty lines for the rural and urban segments of each province and region. Its estimated food, nonfood and overall poverty lines show that, with the exception of the capital territory of Islamabad, the urban poverty line is higher in all regions. The estimates of poverty show that, with the exception of Islamabad Capital Territory, rural poverty is much higher than urban poverty in all regions. We find that 25 percent of urban households and nearly 37 percent of rural households fall below the poverty lines we have defined. The study also finds that poverty measured in terms of households ignores household size and thus suppresses poverty figures.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS FOOD INSECURITY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN SOUTH-EAST NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 182-194
Author(s):  
Ogechi Lynda EGWUE ◽  
Ikechi Kelechi AGBUGBA ◽  
Ridwan MUKAILA
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Average Household Size ◽  
Food Security Status ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Food Insecure Households

The problem of food insecurity remains a challenge in developing countries, especially in rural areas. Despite the rising level of food insecurity, COVID-19 set in and was said to pose a threat to food security globally if adequate measures are not quickly put in place. This study, therefore, described the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents; examined the extent to which the rural households are food secure or otherwise during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine the drivers of food security status among rural households in South-East Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 200 households with the use of structured questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, food security index and logistics regression. Results of the findings revealed that the majority of the household heads were male (92%), married (93.5%), educated (87.5%) and had an average age of 54 years. They had an average household size of 7 persons, an average farming experience of 22 years, an average monthly income of N14, 305.5 and majority (83%) do not belong to a cooperative society. Majority (69.5%) of the households were food insecure, while only (30.5%) were food secure. The food-secure households had an average household size of 5 persons, while the food insecure households had 9 persons in their households. The headcount ratio of food secure households was 0.30, while it was 0.70 for food-insecure households. This shows that at least two out of three persons were food insecure in the study area. The surplus/shortfall index indicates that the food secure households exceeded the calorie requirement by 12%, while the food insecure fell short of the recommended calorie intake by 39%. Square food insecure gap or square shortfall index which indicate the severity of food insecurity among the food insecure household was 0.0056. The average calorie available (adult equivalent per day) for food secure households was 2523.5kcal, while average calorie available (AE/day) for food-insecure households was 1389.05kcal. The identified positive drivers of food security were marital status, educational level, cooperative members and annual income of the household heads. While, age of household head, household size and COVID-19 negatively influenced food security status. The study recommends, among others, putting in place immediate policy measures to reduce the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on rural household’s food security through the provision of enough palliatives which should be monitored so that it gets to the targeted population. Effective household size management and enlightenment programs on modern family planning techniques should be encouraged in rural areas. Rural households should also be educated on the nutritional implication of the various food items such as egg, milk, soybean and fish, especially for children to increase their protein intake and boost their immune system against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Impact of Credit access and Cooperative membership on Food Security of Rural Households in Southwestern, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayodeji Kehinde ◽  
Mary Kehinde
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
Binary Logit ◽  
Security Index ◽  
The Impact

This study investigated the impact of credit access and cooperative membership on food security of rural households in Southwestern Nigeria. A multi stage sampling procedure was employed to select 300 rural households for the study. Data were analyzed using food security index, binary logit model, propensity score matching (PSM) and Augmented inverse probability weighting model (AIPW). Binary logit estimate reveals that age, household size, years of education, farm size, farm income and non-farm income significantly influenced the likelihood of rural households being members of cooperatives while household size, years of education, farm size, gender, asset and farm income significantly influenced the likelihood of rural households’ access to credit. Food security index revealed that about 66 percent of the households are food insecure. PSM revealed that cooperative membership and credit access is expected to increase the food security of rural households by approximately 1446 and 1496 kilocalories per person per day, respectively. AIPW revealed that cooperative membership and credit access is expected to increase the food security of rural households by approximately 1888 and 1899 kilocalories per person per day, respectively. The study concluded that credit access and cooperative membership has a positive and significant impact on food security of rural households. Thus, any programmes targeted at ensuring rural households’ food security, particularly southwest should take into cognizance their credit access and cooperative membership.

Rural Non-Farm Employment in Punjab: Nature, Pattern, and Determinants

2020 ◽  
pp. 95-103
Keyword(s):  
Logit Model ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Size Number

The nature, extent, and pattern of rural non-farm employment were evaluated based on primary data collected from 400 rural households in the two districts of Punjab. The results witnessed considerable variations in the pattern of farm and non-farm income sources among sample rural households. The results of the Logit model found gender, age of the head of household, level of education, the value of farm and non-farm assets, workforce participation rate, distance from the nearest town, household size, number of dependents, and lower caste dummy significantly affected participation in rural non-farm employment activities in the sample districts.

Dietary diversity status of rural households in Nigeria: A gendered perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 613-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwakemi Adeola Obayelu ◽  
Olusayo Olubisi Idowu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Female Headed Households ◽  
Food Share

Evidence of upsurge in food insecurity incidence and its vulnerability of households in both rural and urban areas in Nigeria has led to enquiries about the richness of available food baskets and evenness of their consumption. The objective of this study was to examine the dietary diversity among rural households in Nigeria from a gender perspective. Data from the Living Standard Measurement Survey- Integrated Survey on Agriculture (lsms-isa) 2016 were analysed using Simpson Diversity Index, Cross tabulation and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. Most of the rural households were male-headed (85%) with an average age of 53 years old and had household size of 8 persons. Dietary diversity score was slightly higher in female-headed households than among their male counterparts. Fish and seafood had the highest food share expenditure among female-headed households while cereals had the highest in male-headed households. Low dietary diversity was predominant among households where the head was 31 to 40 years old male with at least 16 members, while the high dietary diversity was highest among households with 51 to 60 years old female heads and 11 to 15 members. Difference in mean of aggregate dietary diversity between male- and female-headed households revealed a gap of 0.0155 in favour of the female-headed households. There were significant gender differences in household endowments such as household size, income, tangible assets owned and farm size, which explained dietary diversity among rural households in Nigeria.

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