Rural Non-Farm Employment in Punjab: Nature, Pattern, and Determinants

2020 ◽  
pp. 95-103
Keyword(s):  
Logit Model ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Size Number

The nature, extent, and pattern of rural non-farm employment were evaluated based on primary data collected from 400 rural households in the two districts of Punjab. The results witnessed considerable variations in the pattern of farm and non-farm income sources among sample rural households. The results of the Logit model found gender, age of the head of household, level of education, the value of farm and non-farm assets, workforce participation rate, distance from the nearest town, household size, number of dependents, and lower caste dummy significantly affected participation in rural non-farm employment activities in the sample districts.

scholarly journals The relationship between household income and educational level. (south Darfur rural areas-Sudan) statistical study

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofian A. A. Saadv ◽  
Amin Adam
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
High Level ◽  
Education Groups ◽  
The Relationship

<p>The main aim of this paper is to find out the relationship between the household level of income and the level of education for the household being lived in southern Darfur state (Sudan) since they were seriously affected by the war conflict and lost most of their income sources. One-way Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) have been used to asses this relation where the independent variable and dependent variables are categorical and continuous respectively. Data gathered from Household survey (HHS) is analyzed. The results indicate the existence of relationship between certain education groups and the level of income, mainly high level of education comparing with the low level.</p>

Dependency of Rural Households on Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-50
Author(s):  
Sebak Kumar Jana ◽  
Mamataj Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Katja Heubach
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Joint Forest Management ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are an important source for livelihoods for a significant portion of rural populations all over the world. The present study explores the dependence of rural households on forests managed under Joint Forest Management (JFM) in the state of West Bengal in India. Using primary data collected from 300 households from 57 Forest Protection Committees (FPCs) in the dryland areas of two districts of West Bengal in India, authors compare households' income levels across regions and investigate disparities between income groups, with particular emphasis on income from NTFPs. The study reveals that households in forest-fringe areas are highly dependent on forests in maintaining their livelihoods. The results show that dependency of household on NTFPs varies across the regions as well as income groups. Authors also find that dependency of households on NTFPs depend significantly on the factors like number of forest goers, possession of assets, level of education, location and occupational diversification of the households.

Economic Analysis of Non-Farm and Off-Farm Income Sector: A Way Ahead in Making Farmers Income Profitable

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Multi Stage

Income diversification is an important strategy to augments income among small and marginal farmers. This study evaluated the income diversification among farm households in the Ariyalur district. A multi-stage sampling technique was used, and 115 rural households were selected by applying Arkin and Colton formula. The data collected were analyzed using the Herfindahl index and Gini-coefficient. The results showed that the average number of income sources accessed by all marginal farmers is about 1.81, and small farmers are about 1.90, and small farmers had an income diversification range of 0.64 to 0.65, which is a medium diversification category. When the non-farm and off income were considered together with agricultural income, the overall income inequality dropped. The results suggested that the local government should take serious steps to create employment avenues for smallholders outside agriculture that provide credit, training, and necessary inputs to rural households and recommended for public investment in rural infrastructures, such as roads and bridges, telecommunications, education, energy, and water.

Analysis of income determinants among rural households in Kosovo

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-457
Author(s):  
Prespa Ymeri ◽  
Arben Musliu ◽  
Jehona Shkodra ◽  
Iliriana Miftari ◽  
Csaba Fogarassy
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Alternative Employment ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Nonfarm Income ◽  
Nonfarm Employment

AbstractKosovo is one of the poorest countries in Europe, despite the various poverty alleviation programs implemented by the authorities and the international funding community. This study aims to analyze income distribution inequality and factors behind rural households' poverty in Kosovo. Data on farm income, nonfarm income, unearned income, and socio-economic characteristics were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire from 203 randomly selected households in Kosovo. Linear regression, one-way ANOVA, and different versions of poverty indexes were used to examine the data. One-quarter of households' income comes from nonfarm activities. The middle-income households had the highest potential to find alternative employment in the nonfarm sector. Years of education, household size, number of family members above the age of 18, and total income had a positive impact on nonfarm revenues. The poorest rural households had the highest share of income from farm activities (77.52%). Nonfarm revenues have a positive impact on poverty alleviation; thus, the study suggests adopting suitable rural policies to enhance nonfarm employment for vulnerable rural households. The agro-tourism sector and circular economy approaches in agriculture with the focus on renewable energy can be considered as potential sources of nonfarm income, which could lead to sustainable poverty reduction.

scholarly journals Determinants of Income Diversification and Its Effects on Household Income in Rural Vietnam

2014 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 20-41
Author(s):  
KHAI TRẦN TIẾN ◽  
Danh Nguyễn Ngọc
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Economic Regions

Exploiting data of Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2010, the study aims at finding determinants of income diversification at household level in rural Vietnam and evaluating effects of income diversification on household income. The data set covers 6,571 rural households of eight socio-economic regions. Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) is applied to show income diversification at household level. Two-limit tobit model is applied to detect the effects of household features and community characteristics on HHI, and then generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed to test the effects of HHI on household income. The results show that human capital in both quantity and quality terms plays a substantial role in encouraging rural households to diversify their income-generating activities. Rural households with higher education level and higher diversification ability tend to have more diverse income sources. Owning larger sources of physical capital, or better credit accessibility, and social capital also helps rural households improve income diversity. The results also confirm that income diversification is the dynamic of rural income improvement. Households can increase their income by diversifying their farm and non-farm activities.

The dietary diversity and rural households’ nutrition security in itang special district, Gambella, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-338
Author(s):  
Chayot Gatdet Deng ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Special District ◽  
Study District ◽  
Consumption Survey

The malnutrition is pervasive are in the Itang special district of Gambella region. The children, elder, pregnant women, disabilities and other disadvantageous members of the households were extremely malnourished in the district. The main aim of this study was to assess dietary diversity and the rural households’ nutrition security in Itang special district. The study was carried out in Itang Special District among the rural households. It had collected the primary data through households’ consumption survey, key informants interview and body mass index. Then, the descriptive statistics mainly frequency and percentage were used to analyze the data via SPSS version 20. The field result revealed that about 54%, 40% and 6% of the rural households have low, medium and high dietary diversity in the district. Similarly, about 53%, 35%, 5% & 7% of the rural households were underweight, normal, obese & overweight respectively in the district. There was a low dietary diversity and high prevalence of underweight among the rural households in the study district. Thus, the Office of Agriculture and Natural Resources of the district, together with the health office have to provide the capacity building training on awareness of diversification of the income sources and credits facilities in Itang special district.

scholarly journals Determinants of Loan Repayment among Small Holder Cooperative Farmers in Remo Division, Ogun State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
S. U. Isitor ◽  
A. O. Otunaiya ◽  
A. G. Adeyonu ◽  
E. F. Fabiyi
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Loan Repayment ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Loan Size ◽  
Small Holder

<p>This study investigated the factors that are crucial in improving small holder cooperative farmers’ loan repayment in Remo Division of Ogun state, Nigeria. Primary data used for the study were collected with the aid of well-structured questionnaire. Multi-stage sampling techniques were used to select the 120 respondents. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and probit regression model. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that about 56% of the respondents were able to repay their loans promptly while the rest were not. The respondents’ mean age stood at 47 years, the majority of them are males and married with fair level of education. The majority of smallholder farmers in the study area had been farming for more than 20 years, while the household size for the majority of them was 4-6 members with average family size of 5. The results of the probit regression analysis revealed that age, level of education, farming experience, net farm income and loan size obtained were the major factors that increase the likelihood of loan repayment, while the number of family dependants reduces the probability of repayment. To improve loan repayment ability in the study area, this study recommended improvement in human capacity development as well as sensitization of the farmers in the study area about the importance of education.</p>

scholarly journals PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN THE SCOPE OF REDUCING ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION

2020 ◽  
Vol XXII (2) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Siedlecka
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Ecological Awareness ◽  
Electricity Use ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Environmental Activities

The aim of the article is to provide examples of activities undertaken by rural households in the pursuit of reducing electricity use. Households are one of the economic entities of the economic system that significantly use electricity to meet the needs of their members. Expenses incurred for the purchase of energy constitute one of the significant elements in the structure of total expenses. Households, by limiting the consumption of electricity, firstly, reduce expenses, and secondly, undertake pro-environmental activities. The article uses the results of surveys carried out in a group of 404 households located in rural areas of Poland. In addition, the analysis of primary data was expanded to include data from the Household Budget Survey carried out by the Central Statistical Office. The conducted research has shown that the most common activities aimed at reducing energy consumption were turning off the light in unused rooms as well as the use of energy-saving light bulbs and home appliances. Activities were mainly influenced by the level of ecological awareness, level of education and age.

scholarly journals Determinants of Livelihood Diversification of Rural Households in Sylhet

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
Tabia Binte Shan ◽  
Jasim Uddin Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Logit Model ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Livelihood Diversification ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Land Holdings ◽  
Sampling Procedures

Livelihood diversification is considered as a constructive way to improve the livelihood of poor people in rural Bangladesh. This study examines the level of livelihood diversification and the determinants of livelihood diversification of rural households in Sylhet division by using both primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected from two districts of Sylhet division by adopting simple random sampling procedures. A face to face interview was employed to collect cross section data of total 210 respondents in which semi-structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used. Descriptive statistics, Simpson diversification indexing and Logit model analysis were employed for analyzing the data in accordance with the objectives of the study. The socioeconomic attributes of different respondents indicate that characteristics of sampled respondents differ from each other in respect of their age, gender, literacy rate, family composition, land holdings, credit access etc. However, in rural Bangladesh, a considerable number of households have diversified their livelihoods at different levels through several income generating activities. Though medium and highly diversified households are majority in rural areas; which accounts for 37% and 26% of total households, respectively. Logit model was estimated to analyze the determinants and find that several factors either positively or negatively affect the extent of livelihood diversification. Gender, education level, land holdings and credit access had positive and significant effects on livelihood diversification. On the other hand, dependency ratio and savings had a negative but significant effect on diversification of livelihood in rural areas. Considering the findings, the study suggested some policy implication like encouraging entrepreneurship, expanding credit facilities, development of rural infrastructure along with market facilities; introducing effective pro-poor policies that may assist all poor people to generate more income and higher-return activities. Hence policies that widen the extent of income earning sources and livelihood diversification should be given proper attention.

scholarly journals Determinants of Smallholders’ Food Security Status in Kalu District, Northern Ethiopia

Challenges ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Abdela Mohammed ◽  
Solomon Bizuayehu Wassie ◽  
Ermias Tesfaye Teferi
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Logit Model ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Binary Logit Model ◽  
Food Security Status ◽  
Binary Logit

This study analyzed the determinants of rural households’ food security in the Kallu district of the Amhara region, Northern Ethiopia. The study used primary data collected from 395 randomly selected rural households. The study employed descriptive statistics and a binary logit model to estimate the status and determinants of smallholders’ food security, respectively. Of the total sample households, 47.30% are food insecure. The binary logit model results showed that sex and education level of the household head, livestock ownership, credit access, and technology adoption have positive and significant effects on food security, while age and market distance are negatively associated with the probability to be food secure. The results suggest that improving access to marketing and financial services will contribute to improving the food security status of smallholders.

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