scholarly journals The measurement of the duration of infection in paratyphoid fever

1953 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 532-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. R. George ◽  
R. W. S. Harvey ◽  
Scott Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Duration Of Infection ◽  
Clinical Illness ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever

Cases of paratyphoid fever are often not diagnosed until the second, third or subsequent weeks of illness. When calculating clearance rates of a series of cases the calculations must be based only on the numbers known to be positive at the week under consideration. If based throughout on the total number of cases the rates of clearance in the early weeks are greatly reduced.Cases for which laboratory records are incomplete must not be entirely rejected when calculating clearance rates but must be retained in the population for as long as they were known to be positive.Analyses designed to show the duration of infection in paratyphoid fever can only be made with accuracy under the most favourable conditions.A large number of cases of paratyphoid fever were repeatedly examined bacteriologically to establish the duration of the infection as distinct from the clinical illness. After an initial lag the proportion of cases remaining infected fell logarithmically until the carriers revealed themselves.We are grateful to many medical officers for information about their cases, and to Dr Lewis Fanning and Dr Ian Sutherland for much helpful criticism.

scholarly journals Assessing the Potential Impact of a Long-Acting Skin Disinfectant in the Prevention of MRSA

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s131-s132
Author(s):  
Eric Lofgren
Keyword(s):  
Single Point ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Potential Utility ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Hypothetical Treatment ◽  
Duration Of Infection ◽  
Clinical Illness ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Acquisition Rates

Background: Healthcare-associated transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a persistent problem despite advances in prevention. The use of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) as a means of decolonizing patients, either through targeted decolonization or daily bathing, is a frequently used measure to supplement other MRSA reduction interventions. However, there is room for new and innovative decolonizing agents. We explored the potential utility of a long-acting CHG-like disinfectant with a persistent protective effect as well as an immediate decolonizing action in the prevention of MRSA acquisition as well as the subsequent development of clinical illness and MRSA-related mortality. Methods: We modeled MRSA transmission throughout an 18-bed intensive care unit, based on previously published models. A baseline model with no daily decolonizing protocol was used as a baseline and was compared to a scenario assuming that patients were bathed with CHG, which decolonizes them but provides no ongoing protection, as well as a scenario involving a hypothetical treatment that both decolonizes and provides ongoing protection from subsequent colonization. We varied the duration and efficacy of this protection to fully explore the potential utility of such a treatment. Results: The results of the simulations are shown in Fig. 1, where duration and efficacy of protection varied. The number of MRSA acquisitions from each combination is depicted as a single point, with blue points indicating correspondingly fewer MRSA acquisitions. Overall, improved efficacy of the hypothetical disinfectant resulted in immediate improvements in MRSA acquisition rates when compared to the baseline. To see major improvements in the MRSA acquisition rate due to the duration of infection, that duration must be well above 10 hours in many scenarios. There is also little evidence of synergy between the two. Conclusions: Based on recent results suggesting CHG has a relatively modest per-use efficacy (<.20), there is room for improvement in the formulation and administration of decolonizing agents. Although there has been considerable excitement about the possibility of long-acting agents that not only decolonize but provide long-acting protection against colonization, these results suggest that such protection would only result in markedly decreased acquisition rates only if that duration of protection was extremely long, or if the agent itself was also considerably more efficacious than CHG. These results may be used to help consider the necessary study size for clinical studies of these agents in the future, or to set research priorities and properly calibrate expectations.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

scholarly journals Anal human papillomavirus in HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men: incidence and clearance rates, duration of infection, and risk factors

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1004.e1-1004.e7 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.G. Donà ◽  
M.F. Vescio ◽  
A. Latini ◽  
A. Giglio ◽  
D. Moretto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Duration Of Infection ◽  
Sex With Men

Salmonella Persistence within the Peripheral Lymph Nodes of Cattle following Experimental Inoculation

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 1032-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. EDRINGTON ◽  
G. H. LONERAGAN ◽  
K. J. GENOVESE ◽  
D. L. HANSON ◽  
D. J. NISBET
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Challenge Strain ◽  
Peripheral Lymph ◽  
Experimental Inoculation ◽  
Duration Of Infection

ABSTRACT Utilizing a transdermal method of inoculation developed in our laboratory, the duration of infection of Salmonella in the peripheral lymph nodes of steers was examined. Thirty-six Holstein steers (mean body weight of 137 kg) were inoculated with Salmonella Montevideo (day 0) on each lower leg and both sides of the back and abdomen. Calves were euthanized beginning at 6 h and subsequently on each of days 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, and 21 postinoculation (four animals each time). The subiliac, popliteal, and superficial cervical (prescapular) lymph nodes were collected and cultured (quantitatively and qualitatively) for the challenge strain of Salmonella. The challenge strain was detected via direct culture within the lymph nodes at 6 h postinoculation and on each subsequent necropsy date. Salmonella levels in lymph node were 0.8 to 1.8 log CFU/g. Lymph nodes were generally positive after enrichment culture throughout the experiment. Salmonella elimination appeared to begin approximately 14 days postinoculation. However, elimination was not completed by day 21; therefore, a second experiment was conducted identical to the first except that the time from inoculation to necropsy was extended. Salmonella was recovered via direct culture on each of the necropsy days, and results in general were similar to those of experiment I, except that on days 20, 24, and 28 isolates from serogroups C2 and E1 were identified in addition to the inoculation strain C1 in multiple animals. The data from both experiments indicate that after a single inoculation event, Salmonella would be completely cleared by approximately 28 days. Further research with expanded times between inoculation and necropsy is required for verification.

scholarly journals MiR-378b Modulates Chlamydia-Induced Upper Genital Tract Pathology

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 566
Author(s):  
Stephanie R. Lundy ◽  
Kobe Abney ◽  
Debra Ellerson ◽  
Joseph U. Igietseme ◽  
Darin Carroll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Responses ◽  
Chlamydia Infection ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Tubal Factor Infertility ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Duration Of Infection ◽  
Tubal Factor ◽  
Pathologic Lesions ◽  
Mammalian Gene Expression

Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection causes severe reproductive pathologies such as salpingitis and pelvic inflammatory disease that can lead to tubal factor infertility. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved regulators of mammalian gene expression in development, immunity and pathophysiologic processes during inflammation and infection, including Chlamydia infection. Among the miRNAs involved in regulating host responses and pathologic outcome of Chlamydia infection, we have shown that miR-378b was significantly differentially expressed during primary infection and reinfection. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that miR-378b is involved in the pathological outcome of Chlamydia infection. We developed miR-378b knockout mice (miR-378b−/−) using Crispr/Cas and infected them along with their wild-type (WT) control with Chlamydia to compare the infectivity and reproductive pathologies. The results showed that miR-378b−/− mice were unable to clear the infection compared to WT mice; also, miR-378b−/− mice exhibited a relatively higher Chlamydia burden throughout the duration of infection. However, gross pathology results showed that miR-378b−/− mice had significantly reduced uterine dilatations and pathologic lesions after two infections compared to WT mice. In addition, the pregnancy and fertility rates for infected miR-378b−/− mice showed protection from Chlamydia-induced infertility with fertility rate that was comparable to uninfected WT mice. These results are intriguing as they suggest that miR-378b is important in regulating host immune responses that control Chlamydial replication and drive the inflammation that causes complications such as infertility. The finding has important implications for biomarkers of Chlamydial complications and targets for prevention of disease.

scholarly journals Neonatal brain abscess development following fetal scalp electrode placement: a rare complication

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Fick ◽  
P. A. Woerdeman
Keyword(s):  
Brain Abscess ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Superficial Infection ◽  
Skin Site ◽  
Scalp Electrode ◽  
Large Brain ◽  
Fetal Scalp ◽  
Asymmetric Growth ◽  
Clinical Illness

AbstractA fetal scalp electrode (FSE) is a frequently used investigation during labor. However, it is an invasive procedure which can lead to complications. Our patient developed a very large brain abscess after initial superficial infection of the skin site due to an FSE. The patient was admitted to the hospital after an asymmetric growth of the skull was noticed with no further signs of clinical illness. MRI showed a very large brain abscess which was aspirated and treated with antibiotics for 10 weeks. A 2-year follow-up showed only a slight developmental delay in gross motor skills. Only once before a similar case has been described at which the patient developed a brain abscess after superficial infection of the scalp following an FSE. In both cases, the brain abscess was noticed due to an asymmetric growth of the skull without any further signs of clinical illness. A brain abscess has a high mortality and morbidity rate, and early diagnosis is vital for the optimal outcome. We therefore recommend to organize an out-patient clinical follow-up for every infant with a superficial infection of the skin site after placement of an FSE.

scholarly journals Classification of Salmonella enterica of the (Para-)Typhoid Fever Group by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 853
Author(s):  
Miriam Cordovana ◽  
Norman Mauder ◽  
Markus Kostrzewa ◽  
Andreas Wille ◽  
Sandra Rojak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Bacterial Typing ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever

Typhoidal and para-typhoidal Salmonella are major causes of bacteraemia in resource-limited countries. Diagnostic alternatives to laborious and resource-demanding serotyping are essential. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) is a rapidly developing and simple bacterial typing technology. In this study, we assessed the discriminatory power of the FTIRS-based IR Biotyper (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany), for the rapid and reliable identification of biochemically confirmed typhoid and paratyphoid fever-associated Salmonella isolates. In total, 359 isolates, comprising 30 S. Typhi, 23 S. Paratyphi A, 23 S. Paratyphi B, and 7 S. Paratyphi C, respectively and other phylogenetically closely related Salmonella serovars belonging to the serogroups O:2, O:4, O:7 and O:9 were tested. The strains were derived from clinical, environmental and food samples collected at different European sites. Applying artificial neural networks, specific automated classifiers were built to discriminate typhoidal serovars from non-typhoidal serovars within each of the four serogroups. The accuracy of the classifiers was 99.9%, 87.0%, 99.5% and 99.0% for Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, B and Salmonella Paratyphi C, respectively. The IR Biotyper is a promising tool for fast and reliable detection of typhoidal Salmonella. Hence, IR biotyping may serve as a suitable alternative to conventional approaches for surveillance and diagnostic purposes.

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