The septal body revisited

2008 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Elwany ◽  
S A Salam ◽  
A Soliman ◽  
A Medanni ◽  
E Talaat
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Body Area ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Histological Characteristics ◽  
The Mean

AbstractIntroduction:The term septal body refers to a thickened area of the nasal septum which is located superior to the inferior turbinate and anterior to the middle turbinate. Despite its important role in changing nasal airflow resistance, it has received little attention. Clinically, a well developed septal body may be misdiagnosed as high septal deviation.Aim:The aim of the present study was to reassess the histological characteristics of the septal body mucosa and the morphometric differences between it and the adjacent septal mucosa. This information was then used to determine the exact location and surface area of the septal body.Materials and methods:The study was performed on 30 cadaveric specimens (60 sides). Serial numbered sections of the whole septal mucosa were stained with haematoxylin and eosin as well as periodic acid Schiff – Alcian blue. Morphometric analysis was performed to determine the histological differences between the septal body mucosa, the anterior septal mucosa and the inferior septal mucosa. The precise boundaries of the septal body area were then defined in a manner similar to the Mohs micrographic surgical technique.Results:The histological characteristics of the septal body mucosa included thick (more than 60 µm), pseudostratified, ciliated respiratory epithelium with goblet cells, abundant seromucinous glands and many blood sinusoids. Morphometric analysis showed that the septal body mucosa had thicker epithelium and more glandular acini and blood sinusoids than the rest of the septal mucosa. Mapping of the septal body area showed that its anterior end was 2.2 ± 0.3 cm (mean ± standard deviation) behind the caudal edge of the septal cartilage, and its inferior border was 1.1 ± 0.2 cm above the floor of the nose. The mean horizontal diameter of the septal body was 2.0 ± 0.15 cm, and the mean vertical diameter was 1.5 ± 0.11 cm.Conclusions:The present study determined the morphometric characteristics of the septal body as well as its location and surface area. The intimate relationship of the septal body to the internal nasal valve and the histological characteristics of its mucosa should stimulate research into its potential role in modifying nasal airflow pattern and resistance, and its role in changing the humidity and temperature of the inspiratory air stream.

Goblet Cell Density of the Inferior Turbinates in Patients with Perennial Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilead Berger ◽  
Zvi Marom ◽  
Dov Ophir
Keyword(s):  
Goblet Cell ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Nonallergic Rhinitis ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Mucus Production ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Controls ◽  
Goblet Cell Density

Nasal mucus production is regulated by submucosal glands and epithelial goblet cells. The role and especially the number of the latter are quite debatable. The present study compares the distribution and density of goblet cells in the inferior turbinates of patients with perennial allergic and nonallergic rhinitis to normal controls. The periodic acid Schiff-alcian blue whole-mount method was used to identify and count their number. Goblet cell distribution was found nonhomogeneous, and considerable variations were observed among adjacent localities of the same specimen. The mean number of goblet cells per mm2 was 6499 in normal controls (n = 12), 6818 in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis (n = 13), and 6801 in patients with perennial nonallergic rhinitis (n = 18). Statistical analysis confirmed that the density of goblet cells did not differ significantly between patients with and without allergy, as well as between each group of patients and controls. Therefore, it could be concluded that the number of goblet cells in the inferior turbinate is not influenced by the presence of perennial allergic or nonallergic rhinitis.

Comparative investigations of anatomy and physiology in mammalian noses (Homo sapiens--Artiodactyla)

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
S. Grutzenmacher ◽  
D.M. Robinson ◽  
J. Sevecke ◽  
G. Mlynski ◽  
A.G. Beule
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Dead Space ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Functional Area ◽  
External Nose ◽  
Human Nose

Background: Knowledge of airflow in animal noses is sparse. Such knowledge could be important for selection of animal models used in environmental studies. From the phylogenetic and ontogenetic point of view, a comparison between the animal and human nose is interesting. Method: Nose models of 5 even-toed ungulate species (he-goat, sheep, cow, roebuck, wild boar) and two humans (new born infant and adult) were examined. Anatomical and physiological features of the nasal cavities of all species were compared. All models were rinsed with water and the flow was visualized for observation. Geometric and rhinoresistometric measurements were then performed. Results and conclusions: Even-toed ungulates have two turbinates directly in the main part of the nasal airflow (respiratory turbinates) and a different number of turbinates in a so-called dead space of the nasal airflow above the nasopharyngeal duct (ethmoidal turbinates). The latter correspond with the upper and middle turbinate in analogy to the human nose. Respiratory turbinates of even-toed ungulates insert immediately behind the external nasal ostium. Thus, the whole nasal cavity acts as a functional area with the exception of a small area acting as dead space only detectable in ruminants, possibly indicating a small evolutionary progress from suinae to bovidae. The shape of the animal nasal cavity is stretched and flat. The airflow runs nearly completely turbulent through the nose. The nasal cavity in the adult human is relatively short and high. The area between the external nasal ostium and the head of the inferior turbinate is called inflow area. It distributes the airflow over the whole nasal cross section and generates a turbulent flow. So the airflow is prepared to contact the mucosa in the functional area (turbinate area). The morphology of the inflow area is approximately formed by the shape of the external nose. The nasal cavity of a newborn child is also stretched and flat and more similar to the nasal shape of the investigated animals. The inflow area in the newborn nose is not yet developed and corresponds with the growing external newborn nose. One can hypothesize that the inflow area in human noses is a morphological adaptation in the changed length-height-ratio of the nasal cavity.

scholarly journals Surgical anatomy of the posterior ends of the middle and inferior turbinates

2016 ◽  
Vol 05 (04) ◽  
pp. 209-218
Author(s):  
Gayatri Girish Muthiyan ◽  
Shanta Sunil Hattangdi ◽  
Payal Arvind Kasat
Keyword(s):  
Hard Palate ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Endoscopic Intervention ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Line Passing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lowermost Portion

Abstract Background: Preservation of structure and reestablishment of function is the guiding principle during an endoscopic intervention. Especially, when a partial middle turbinectomy is unavoidable, middle turbinate can lose its stability. Variations of middle turbinate like severe anterior bulging, posterior protrusion beyond the inferior turbinate and the larger size than inferior turbinate have significant impact on its stability. Aim: To study surgical anatomy of the middle and inferior turbinates. Method: The distances and angles between the limen nasi and posterior ends of the middle and inferior turbinates were studied in 100 hemisected adult Indian cadaveric heads. Results: The mean angles between the line passing through the lowermost portion of limen nasi and posterior ends of middle turbinate and inferior turbinate respectively are bl was 19.87° and b2 was 10.57°. The mean distance between the lowermost portion of limen nasi and posterior ends of middle turbinate and of inferior turbinate were xi is 55.88 ± 3.61 mm and x2 was 52.69 ± 3.57 nnn.The mean distances between the lowermost portion of limen nasi and the perpendicular from the posterior ends of middle turbinate and inferior turbinate to the hard palate were yl= 52.47 ± 3.33 mm (range: 44.16 to 59.92 mm) and y2= 51.75 ± 3.45 mm (range 43.32 to 61.22 mm) respectively. In 52% cases middle turbinate extends more posterior with respect to inferior turbinate i.e.M > I and in 48% cases inferior turbinate extends more posterior with respect to middle turbinate of M < I. Conclusion: The documentation of these parameters and the related variations is likely to be useful for the endoscopic surgeons.

Further evidence of incomplete neural control of muscle properties in cat tibialis anterior motor units

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (2) ◽  
pp. C527-C534 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Unguez ◽  
R. R. Roy ◽  
D. J. Pierotti ◽  
S. Bodine-Fowler ◽  
V. R. Edgerton
Keyword(s):  
Motor Unit ◽  
Tibialis Anterior ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
The Mean

To examine the influence of a motoneuron in maintaining the phenotype of the muscle fibers it innervates, myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, and cross-sectional area (CSA) of a sample of fibers belonging to a motor unit were studied in the cat tibialis anterior 6 mo after the nerve branches innervating the anterior compartment were cut and sutured near the point of entry into the muscle. The mean, range, and coefficient of variation for the SDH activity and the CSA for both motor unit and non-motor unit fibers for each MHC profile and from each control and each self-reinnervated muscle studied was obtained. Eight motor units were isolated from self-reinnervated muscles using standard ventral root filament testing techniques, tested physiologically, and compared with four motor units from control muscles. Motor units from self-reinnervated muscles could be classified into the same physiological types as those found in control tibialis anterior muscles. The muscle fibers belonging to a unit were depleted of glycogen via repetitive stimulation and identified in periodic acid-Schiff-stained frozen sections. Whereas muscle fibers in control units expressed similar MHCs, each motor unit from self-reinnervated muscles contained a mixture of fiber types. In each motor unit, however, there was a predominance of fibers with the same MHC profile. The relative differences in the mean SDH activities found among fibers of different MHC profiles within a unit after self-reinnervation and those found among fibers in control muscles were similar, i.e., fast-2 < fast-1 < or = slow MHC fibers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A novel method for the visualization of the in situ mucus layer in rat and man

1998 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICOLA JORDAN ◽  
JULIA NEWTON ◽  
JEFFREY PEARSON ◽  
ADRIAN ALLEN
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Mucosa ◽  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Mucus Layer ◽  
Gastric Mucus ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Thickness Measurements

1.The observed thickness of the gastric mucus barrier varies widely, even appearing discontinuous, depending on the methods used. Here we describe the development and application of a modified periodic acid Schiff/Alcian Blue staining technique for use on cryostat sections of gastric mucosa. This technique for the first time enables the preservation and visualization of the full thickness of the adherent gastric mucus layer and the underlying mucosa. 2.In designing this novel method we have selected those procedures which would result in the least alteration to the mucus layer. The methods used were snap freezing, cryostat sectioning of the whole stomach followed by brief ethanol pretreatment (10 min in 100% ethanol), a prolonged staining with periodic acid Schiff/Alcian Blue (15 min and 2.5 h respectively), a gentle post-fixation (45 min paraformaldehyde vapour at 37 °C) and the use of a water-soluble mountant. 3.A continuous, adherent mucus layer was observed over the surface of the rat gastric mucosa (periodic acid Schiff/Alcian Blue stained) and human gastric antral biopsies (periodic acid Schiff stained). In the rat the mean (S.D.) mucus thickness measurements along the antrum to oesophageal axis (which was divided histologically into four regions, A to D) were: A, 166 (47) μm; B, 179 (48) μm; C, 184 (50) μm; D (the non-glandular stratified epithelium at the top of the stomach), Absent. In human gastric antral biopsies the mean (S.D.) mucus thickness was 144 (52) μm. 4.This new technique has enabled the visualization and precise measurement of thickness of the gastric mucus layer in rat and man. The adherent gastric mucus layer was observed to be continuous in the rat glandular stomach and human antrum. In validation experiments in rat the mean mucus thickness measurements were found to be twice those measured by conventional histological techniques, in which the mucus layer appeared discontinuous and patchy. However, they were within the range of thickness values seen in unfixed tissues and in the rat in vivo preparation.

A Model of Airflow in the Nasal Cavities: Implications for Nasal Air Conditioning and Epistaxis

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Bailie ◽  
Brendan Hanna ◽  
John Watterson ◽  
Geraldine Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Wall Shear ◽  
Little’S Area

Background A friction force is generated when moving air contacts the nasal walls, referred to as wall shear stress. This interaction facilitates heat and mass transfer between the mucosa and air, i.e., air-conditioning. The objective of this research was to study the distribution of wall shear stress within the nasal cavity to identify areas that contribute significantly to air-conditioning within the nasal cavity. Methods Three-dimensional computational models of the nasal airways of five healthy subjects (three male and two female subjects) were constructed from nasal CT scans. Numerical simulations of nasal airflow were conducted using the commercial computational fluid dynamics code Fluent 6 (Ansys, Inc., Canonsburg, PA). Wall shear stress was derived from the numerical simulation. Air-conditioning was simulated to confirm the relationship with wall shear stress. Results Nasal airflow simulations predicted high wall shear stress along the anterior aspect of the inferior turbinate, the anteroinferior aspect of the middle turbinate, and within Little's area. Conclusion The airflow simulations indicate that the inferior and middle turbinates and Little's area on the anterior nasal septum contribute significantly to nasal air-conditioning. The concentration of wall shear stress within Little's area indicates a desiccating and potentially traumatic effect of inhaled air that may explain the predilection for spontaneous epistaxis at this site.

Gastrointestinal Tract and Accessory Organs in the Spotted Bent-toed Gecko, Cyrtodactylus peguensis (Boulenger, 1893): A Histological and Histochemical Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (04) ◽  
pp. 223-230
Author(s):  
Lamai Thongboon ◽  
Sinlapachai Senarat ◽  
Jes Kettratad ◽  
Wannee Jiraungkoorskul ◽  
Sansareeya Wangkulangkul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Liver And Pancreas ◽  
Pas Staining ◽  
Histological Characteristics ◽  
Mucous Neck Cells ◽  
Oxynticopeptic Cells

AbstractThe spotted bent-toed gecko Cyrtodactylus peguensis is one of the exploited reptiles in Thailand. In order to provide basic information for the digestive system of this species, we have examined histologically the gastrointestinal and accessory organs of C. peguensis using routine methods. The gastrointestinal region of this reptile started from the stomach and the intestine. The stomach was separated into fundic and pyloric regions. In both regions, the stomach wall was formed by four distinct tissue layers, including mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa layers. Mucous neck cells and oxynticopeptic cells were identified as glycoprotein-producing cells in the stomach by Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. The small and large intestines shared many histological characteristics, but the former contained more intestinal folds, while the latter had more PAS-positive goblet cells. Histological characteristics of accessory organs, liver and pancreas, were also provided. Overall, the gastrointestinal and accessory organs of C. peguensis were largely similar to those from other reptiles, but fine structural information will open up considerable opportunities to further studies related to the endocrinology, the physiology, and the conservation of this species.

Evaluation of Nasal Patency Among Patients With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: Cleft Versus Non-Cleft Side

2020 ◽  
pp. 105566562094871
Author(s):  
Ashwina S. Banari ◽  
Sanjeev Datana ◽  
S. S. Agarwal ◽  
S. K. Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Multidisciplinary Treatment ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Acoustic Rhinometry ◽  
P Value ◽  
Nasal Patency ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
The Mean

Objective: To evaluate the nasal patency using acoustic rhinometry (AR) in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and to ascertain the rhinological importance of the same. Methods: Eccovision Acoustic Rhinometer system was used for assessment of nasal cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume in 15 patients with UCLP. The CSA1, CSA2, and CSA3, which represent the CSA at the nasal valve area and anterior end of the inferior turbinate, the anterior half of the inferior turbinate and the anterior end of the middle turbinate, and the region of middle portion of middle turbinate, respectively, were compared on the cleft and non-cleft side. Results: The mean ± SD of CSA1, CSA2, and CSA3 as well as the overall nasal CSA were significantly higher on non-cleft side compared to cleft side ( P value < .001). The mean ± SD of nasal volume was also significantly higher in non-cleft side compared to cleft side ( P value < .001). Conclusions: The nasal patency among patients with UCLP demonstrates a range of impairments that can be objectively measured using acoustic rhinometry. The orthodontic, orthopedic, or orthosurgical management of maxillary deficiency in these patients can affect the nasal area and volume and can have an impact on breathing, speech, and sleep. The pretreatment assessment may be useful to identify patients who are at potential risk of deterioration of nasal patency and airway post-intervention. Taking into consideration the multiple diagnostic procedures in the course of long-term multidisciplinary treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate, a noninvasive investigation technique such as AR may be the preferred mode of investigation to ascertain nasal patency.

Physiological changes in the size of the septal swell body correlate with changes in inferior turbinate size

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-327
Author(s):  
E H Wong ◽  
M Noussair ◽  
Z Hasan ◽  
M Duvnjak ◽  
N Singh
Keyword(s):  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Nasal Breathing ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractObjectiveThe nasal septal swell body is a normal anatomical structure located in the superior nasal septum anterior to the middle turbinate. However, the impact of the septal swell body in nasal breathing during normal function and disease remains unclear. This study aimed to establish that the septal swell body varies in size over time and correlates this with the natural variation of the inferior turbinates.MethodConsecutive patients who underwent at least two computed tomography scans were identified. The width and height of the septal swell body and the inferior turbinates was recorded. A correlation between the difference in septal swell body and turbinates between the two scans was performed using a Pearson's coefficient.ResultsA total of 34 patients (53 per cent female with a mean age of 58.3 ± 20.2 years) were included. The mean and mean difference in septal swell body width between scans for the same patient was 1.57 ± 1.00 mm. The mean difference in turbinate width between scans was 2.23 ± 2.52 mm. A statistically significant correlation was identified between the difference in septal swell body and total turbinate width (r = 0.35, p = 0.04).ConclusionThe septal swell body is a dynamic structure that varies in width over time in close correlation to the inferior turbinates. Further research is required to quantify its relevance as a surgical area of interest.

scholarly journals Ki-67 and MCM-2 in Dental Follicle and Odontogenic Cysts: The Effects of Inflammation on Proliferative Markers

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurhan Güler ◽  
Nil Çomunoğlu ◽  
Fatih Cabbar
Keyword(s):  
Dentigerous Cyst ◽  
Squamous Metaplasia ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Mucous Cell ◽  
Glandular Epithelium ◽  
Odontogenic Cysts ◽  
Dental Follicle ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
The Mean

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is any association between inflammation and the expression of markers of cell cycle entry (Ki-67 and MCM-2) in dental follicle (DF) of asymptomatic impacted teeth and odontogenic cysts. The study consisted of 70 DFs and 20 odontogenic cysts (radicular cyst (RC), dentigerous cyst (DC) and keratocytic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) located at posterior mandibular region. Histological findings of inflammation for all specimen and mucous cell prosoplasia, squamous metaplasia, glandular epithelium for all DFs were stained with hematoxyline and eosin, periodic acid schiff, alcian blue, and mucin. Epithelial cell proliferation was determined by using immunohistochemical labeling for Ki-67 and MCM-2. The histologic examinations showed 16% mucous cell prosoplasia, 54% squamous metaplasia, 20% glandular epithelium, 37% inflammation. Inflammation was detected in all RCs and %62 in DF, %43 in DC and KCOT. Positive correlation was found between the inflammation of DF and odontogenic cysts (P<0.01). The mean Ki-67 and MCM-2 expressions were found9,64±5,99and6,34±3,81in DF,11,85±9,01and13,6±9,94in odontogenic cysts, respectively. While the mean Ki-67 expressions were statistically significant in DF and KCOT (P<0.01), MCM-2 were significant in RC and KCOT (P<0.01). MCM-2 expresion in RCs were statistically significant than KCOT (P<0.01). The results of this study indicated that the higher MCM-2 expressions in RC than the KCOT might be related to the inflammation and this protein might be more sensitive to inflammation.

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