‘The Brazilian Rhône’: Economic Development of the Doce River Basin in Nineteenth-Century Brazil, 1819–49’

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUDY BIEBER
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Business History ◽  
Political Resistance ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Independence Era ◽  
Doce River ◽  
Technological Integration ◽  
Scholarly Attention

AbstractThis article examines attempts to modernise navigation of the Doce River in Brazil during the early nineteenth century. It focuses primarily on the development of a joint Anglo-Brazilian business venture, The Rio Doce Company (1832–49). The failure of the Rio Doce Company cannot be attributed to a single overarching cause, but reflects numerous barriers to economic development including a cumbersome regulatory bureaucracy, capital scarcity, poor technological integration, challenging topography, and Brazilian political resistance to British investment and corporate oversight. This article contributes to the field of business history in the immediate post-independence era, a topic that has received relatively little scholarly attention.

scholarly journals Uwagi nad problemami inkulturacji Kodeksu Napoleona w Królestwie Polskim — wątpliwości na tle art. 530

Prawo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 328 ◽  
pp. 97-108
Author(s):  
Dorota Wiśniewska
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Catholic Clergy ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Internal Relations ◽  
Council Of State

Remarks on the problems associated with the inculturation of the Napoleonic Code in the Kingdom of Poland — doubts concerning Article 530A serious problem can arise when a society has to deal with regulations not adapted to its internal relations, regulations that have been imposed on that society. Such a situation occurred in Poland in the early nineteenth century in connection with the introduction of the Napoleonic Code within the territory of the Duchy of Warsaw. This generated a lot of controversy, not only among members of the Council of State, but also among wealthy and lesser nobility as well as Catholic clergy. The state was characterised by numerous remnants of feudalism. The conditions, when it came to both social and economic relations, were different than those in France. Consequently, the provisions of the Code referring to property were not fully applicable in practice. After the fall of the Duchy of Warsaw the Napoleonic Code remained in force in the Kingdom of Poland and the Free City of Kraków. However, it still had many opponents in the Kingdom of Poland. In the end there emerged a concept of reform of property law, with one of its points being a change in the provisions guaranteeing inferior owners a possibility of redeeming their obligations. Such a right was guaranteed by Article 530 of the Code, which could lead to dominium utile or inferior ownership being transformed into dominium plenum or full ownership. A draft amendment was prepared by the Legislative Deputation and then adopted by the parliament on 13 June 1825. The inculturation of the Code in the Kingdom of Poland, a country on a lower level of socio-economic development than France, was doomed to failure. While in the Duchy of Warsaw the Napoleonic Code was fictitiously used in practice, as it were, in the Kingdom of Poland legislative work was undertaken to change civil law and adapt it to the conditions in the country. Bemerkungen zu den Problemen der Inkulturation des Code Napoléon im Königreich Polen — Fragen vor dem Hintergrund des Art. 530Das Aufzwingen der Gesellschaft der Vorschriften, die den dort herrschenden Verhältnissen nicht entsprechen, kann ein wesentliches Problem darstellen. Gerade mit dieser Situation hatte man auf polnischen Gebieten am Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts im Zusammenhang mit der Einführung des Code Napoléon im Warschauer Herzogtum zu tun. Diese Maßnahmen weckten viele Kontroversen nicht nur unter den Mitgliedern des Standesrates, sondern auch des vermögenden und mittleren Adels sowie der katholischen Geistlichkeit. Den Staat charakterisierten zahlreiche feudale Überreste. Es herrschten dort andere als in Frankreich sowohl soziale, wie auch wirtschaftliche Verhältnisse. In der Folge fanden die Vorschriften des Gesetzbuches betreffend das Sachenrecht keine vollständige Anwendung in der Praxis.Nach dem Fall des Warschauer Herzogtums bewahrte das Code Napoléon die Kraft auf den Gebieten des Königreiches Polen und der Freistadt Krakau. Im Königreich Polen hatte es jedoch weiterhin viele Gegner. Letztendlich klärte sich die Konzeption einer Reform des Vermögensrechtes und ein ihrer Punkte war die Änderung der Vorschriften, die die Möglichkeit des Rückkaufs der Obliegenheiten durch die unterliegenden Eigentümer garantierten. Dieses Recht sicherte Art. 530 des Code Napoléon zu, dessen Geltung zur Umwandlung des unterstellten Eigentums in ein volles Eigentum führen könnte. Der Entwurf der Novellierung wurde von der Rechtsgebenden Deputation vorbereitet und dann durch das Parlament am 13. Juni 1825 beschlossen.Der Inkulturationsprozess des Gesetzbuches im Königreich Polen, einem Staat, der auf einer niedrigeren Ebene der sozial-wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung als Frankreich stand, war zu einer Niederlage verurteilt. Obwohl im Warschauer Herzogtum eine Fiktion der Anwendung des Code Napoléon in der Praxis angenommen wurde, so unternahm man im Königreich Polen legislatorische Arbeiten mit dem Ziel der Änderung des Zivilrechtes und seiner Anpassung an die im Lande herrschenden Verhältnisse.

scholarly journals Administración y gasto de las cajas de comunidad en la Audiencia de Guatemala: el corregimiento de Quetzaltenango, 1790-1820

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 215-244
Author(s):  
Selvin Chiquín ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
General View ◽  
Spanish Economy ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Its Analysis

This article deals with the institutional and economic development of the cajas de comunidad in the pueblos de indios (Indian towns) in Quetzaltenango, in the Audiencia of Guatemala, at the end of colonial era. It begins with an analysis of the main reforms that affected the community treasuries between the mid eighteenth century and the crisis of the monarchy. The sources of income and the outlays of the Indian towns are later discussed. The relevance of the study is its analysis of economic demands imposed by individuals from outside the Quetzaltenango jurisdiction, and the urgent needs of the monarchy, and, finally, the general view that it provides of the community funds in Quetzaltenango during three decades. Thus, the article underlines the importance of these funds in colonial Indian towns, the capitalization of the Spanish economy and the support provided to the monarchy by the Indian population in the early nineteenth century.

scholarly journals Egypt, Empire, and the Gaelic Literary Imagination

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Matthew Dziennik ◽  
Micheal Newton
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Literary Imagination ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scottish Gaelic ◽  
Scholarly Attention

This article presents an edition, translation, and analysis of a Scottish Gaelic song by the Reverend Seumas MacLagain [James McLagan] (1728-1805) about the battle of Alexandria of 1801. This text, which has not received any previous scholarly attention, is a rare illustration of an attempt of a member of the Gaelic intelligentsia to re-frame Gaelic identity and history so as to reconcile them with the agenda of British imperialism. While largely unmentioned in analysis of Gaelic Scotland, the victory in Egypt was a crucial moment that was used by McLagan and others to draw the Gaidhealtachd into a British sphere more completely than ever before. By exploring the motifs, formulas, and devices used by McLagan in his song, and contrasting them with other Gaelic and pan-British approaches to the victory in Egypt, this article challenges assumptions about the nature of Gaelic military song in this era and suggests the importance of British imperialism to the Gaelic literary imagination in the early nineteenth century.

scholarly journals Travel, Modernity and Rural Landscapes in Nineteenth-Century Liguria

Rural History ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
PIETRO PIANA ◽  
CHARLES WATKINS ◽  
ROSS BALZARETTI
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Rural Landscapes ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
North Western

Abstract:New roads and, later, railways were essential for the modernisation and rapid economic development of north-western Italy in the early nineteenth century. The new routes also encouraged an increasing number of foreign travellers to visit the region. They opened up fresh tracts of countryside and provided novel viewpoints and points of interest; many travellers took the opportunity to record these views with topographical drawings and watercolours. In this article we make use of some of these views to examine how the modernised transport routes released new places to be celebrated by tourists and became themselves features and objects of especial interest and comment. We examine the works of three artists, one English and two Italian, who depicted landscapes of contrasting rural Ligurian landscapes. Their drawings and prints are contextualised and interpreted with maps, field data, archival documents and contemporary descriptions of roads and railways by travellers and in guidebooks.

scholarly journals Independence and the Redefinition of Indianness around Santa Marta, Colombia, 1750–1850

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEINAR A. SAETHER
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Subaltern Studies ◽  
Independence Era ◽  
The Republic

This article explores the changing meaning of Indianness during the long independence era. Focusing on six towns around Santa Marta, it discusses why these were considered Indian in the late colonial period, why they supported the royalist cause during the Independence struggles and how their inhabitants ceased to be identified as Indians within a few decades of republican rule. While recent subaltern studies have emphasised Indian resistance against the liberal, republican states formed in early nineteenth-century Latin America, here it is argued that some former Indian communities opted for inclusion into the republic as non-Indian citizens.

MUCH ADO ABOUT SOMETHING; OR, COSÌ FAN TUTTE IN THE ROMANTIC IMAGINATION: A COMMENTARY ON AND TRANSLATION OF AN EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY EPISTOLARY EXCHANGE

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDMUND J. GOEHRING
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Romantic Irony ◽  
Much Ado About Nothing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cosi Fan Tutte ◽  
Epistolary Exchange ◽  
Century Thought ◽  
Scholarly Attention

ABSTRACTAmong the gems buried in Johann Friedrich Reichardt’s short-lived Berlinische musikalische Zeitung is a ‘Musikalischer Briefwechsel’ that appeared over three volumes in September 1805. The text, cast as an epistolary exchange between the fictional characters Arithmos and Phantasus, argues the merits of Mozart’s Così fan tutte. (The opera had recently returned to the Berlin stage after a thirteen-year absence.) The exchange has received little scholarly attention, and yet it is a remarkable document for the glimpse it gives both into Berlin’s musical politics and, most of all, the reception history of Mozart’s opera.The authorship of the ‘Briefwechsel’, which appeared pseudonymously, has been attributed to Georg Christian Schlimbach, a frequent contributor to the journal. This article, in contrast, argues that Reichardt himself makes the more likely author: the correspondence more closely reflects his personality, his ambitions for the advancement of opera in the Prussian capital and his theory of art. Indeed, arising from his defence of Mozart’s opera is an extraordinary claim in the history of Così’s reception: that the work exemplifies romantic irony. E. T. A. Hoffmann is famous for his terse praise of the opera’s ‘ergötzlichste Ironie’. Reichardt, however, goes further by showing how the opera amalgamates, in quintessentially romantic fashion, the opposing forces of the comic and serious. Employing a Shakespearean conceit, he argues that Mozart’s music amounts to more than ‘much ado about nothing’.Reichardt’s move is the more significant given that he builds his reading not on Da Ponte’s libretto but on German adaptations by Bretzner and Treitschke, translations that modern scholarship has widely faulted for lacking the original’s subtlety. Thus, although Così fan tutte has generally been viewed as a work that runs counter to romantic tastes, Reichardt’s ‘Briefwechsel’, along with some newly discovered material, provides a basis for revisiting that claim about the opera’s place in nineteenth-century thought.

Lawyers as Trusted Agents in Nineteenth-Century American Commerce: The Influence of Fiduciary Law and Norms on Economic Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-165
Author(s):  
Michael Halberstam ◽  
Justin Simard
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Transaction Cost ◽  
Agency Cost ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Transaction Cost Theory ◽  
Economic Exchange ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
American Capitalism

The role of fiduciary law in the development of North American capitalism has been overlooked by institutional economists, who interpret fiduciary law as a form of contract and make the judicial enforcement of contract central to the transaction-cost theory of economic development. This article argues that the emergence of distinctive, equity-based fiduciary laws and norms significantly influenced the development and growth of early-nineteenth-century American markets. Our historical research identifies lawyers as important economic actors, who served as catalysts for the emergence of this governance culture. Lawyers adopted fiduciary principles that allowed them to become trusted intermediaries, thereby addressing the agency-cost problems inherent in complex economic exchange that vex the institutionalists’ contractual account of economic development.

scholarly journals Distribution and types of windmills in Pomerania across the 19th century in the light of cartographic sources

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
Maciej Prarat
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Very High

Abstract The aim of this text is to evaluate the distribution of windmills in Pomerania, an area which stretches from Gdańsk to Toruń, over the period of the nineteenth century. The basic research method was to analyse various maps from both the early nineteenth century and the late nineteenth century. The results made it possible to state that the total number windmills increased by a factor of three, and that this referred mainly to cereal mills. The number of vertical windmills with rotating caps increased at the beginning of the nineteenth century, but the number of drainage windmills remained unchanged. The very high demand for wind energy was a result of significant economic development within the Prussian partition in the second half of the nineteenth century. Cartographic sources allowed this phenomenon to be verified in the most complete way.

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