How much homophony is normal?

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABBY KAPLAN
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Lexical Frequency ◽  
Token Frequency ◽  
Type Frequency ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
High Level ◽  
Phonemic Contrasts

This paper argues that neutralizing phonological alternations are sensitive to how much homophony they create among distinct lexical items: neutralizing rules create fewer homophones than expected. Building on a case study of Korean by Silverman (2010), I compare the neutralizing rules of Korean to a large number of hypothetical alternatives generated by Monte Carlo simulations. The simulations reveal that the actual rules of Korean frequently create far fewer homophones than similar (but unattested) rules, even when the rules that are compared are controlled for the number of phonemic contrasts they eliminate. These results suggest that phonological patterns are sensitive not only to high-level contrasts among phonemes but also to contrasts among individual lexical items. The effect is most pronounced when homophones are not weighted by frequency, a result that adds to evidence in the literature that the relevant measure of lexical frequency for many lexicon-sensitive phonological patterns is type frequency, not token frequency.

Ion Beam Induced Intermixing of Wsi0.45 on GaAs

1988 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Pearton ◽  
K. T. Short ◽  
K. S. Jones ◽  
A. G. Baca ◽  
C. S. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Device Fabrication ◽  
Electrical Activation ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dislocation Loops ◽  
Semiconductor Interface ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTThe systematics of ion beam induced intermixing of WSi0.45 on GaAs have been studied after through-implantation of Si or O in the dose range 1013 − 5 × 1016 cm−2. SIMS profiling shows significant knock-on of Si and W into the GaAs at the high dose range in accordance with Monte Carlo simulations, but there is virtually no electrical activation (≤0.1%) of this Si after normal implant annealing (900°C, 10 sec). This appears to be a result of the high level of disorder near the metal-semiconductor interface, which is not repaired by annealing. This damage consists primarily of dislocation loops extending a few hundred angstroms below the end of range of the implanted ions. Extrapolation of the ion doses used in this work to the usual doses used in GaAs device fabrication would imply that ion-induced intermixing of WSix will not be significant in through-implantation processes.

MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS FOR THE RISK MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 87-101
Author(s):  
OSAMA A. B. HASSAN
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Stochastic Models ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method

This article attempts to adapt the Monte Carlo method to the quantitative risk management of environmental pollution. In this context, the feasibility of stochastic models to quantitatively evaluate the risk of chemical pollution is first discussed and then linked to a case study in which Monte Carlo simulations are applied. The objective of the case study is to develop a Monte Carlo scheme for evaluating the pollution in a lake environment. It is shown that the results can be of interest as they define the risk margins that are important to the sustainability of the ecosystem in general, and human health in particular. Moreover, assessing the environmental pollution with the help of the Monte Carlo method can be feasible and serve the purpose of investigating and controlling the environmental pollution, in the long and short terms.

scholarly journals A Corpus-based Case Study on the POS Tagging of Self-referential Lexemes in the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 879
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Heng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Token Frequency ◽  
Categorization Theory ◽  
Type Frequency ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Contemporary Chinese ◽  
Grammatical Functions

The POS tagging in the 5th edition of the CCD has been revised in the 6th and the 7th editions. The noun POS of most sports and science lexemes are deleted, and their senses of noun (self-referential senses) are included into verbs. However, most of these lexemes can be used as nouns intuitively, and their noun POS and senses should exist. Based on the grammatical functions of words (Xv & Tang, 2006) and the two-level word class categorization theory (Wang, 2014), this study conducts a corpus-based case study of a science lexeme “guina”. The result shows that “guina” not only has self-referential usage, but has high token frequency, with 133 occurrences accounting for 42.8% of the total usages, and rich type frequency widely distributed in “guina + (of) + NP “,” NP + (of) + guina” and “VP + guina”, which conforms to the criterion of conventionalization. Therefore, it is necessary to tag the noun POS and to set up the self-referential sense for “guina”. This research has an implication for solving the POS tagging problem of self-referential lexemes in the CCD.

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