The paradigmatic aspect of compounding and derivation

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-609
Author(s):  
AYSUN KUNDURACI
Keyword(s):  
Current System ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Dynamic Aspect ◽  
Noun Compounds ◽  
Autonomous Morphology

This study aims to show the dynamic aspect of word-formation paradigms in autonomous morphology by examining the compound marker in Turkish Noun–Noun compounds, as in buz paten-i ‘ice-skate (ice skate-cm)’, and its relation to derivational suffixes. The study proposes a process-based morphological paradigm structure which involves compounding and derivational operations. In this system, the compound marker has a formal paradigmatic function: it creates correct lexeme forms based on bare Noun–Noun compounds, which would otherwise serve as input to certain derivational operations. The current system thus accounts for both permitted and unpermitted suffix combinations involving compounding and the optionality in certain combinations, such as buz paten-ci (-si) ‘a/the ice skater (ice skate-agt-cm)’, where the compound marker may (not) appear in combination with the (derivational) agentive -CI. The study also presents a survey which implies that a group of derivational affixes is in a paradigmatic relation with the compound marker, and all of these affixations constitute alternative paths in a dynamic paradigm structure. The findings of the study are considered to contribute to the understanding of the nature of the autonomous morphological operations and paradigms, which cannot be restricted to the lexicon or manipulated by syntax.

Adjective–noun compounds in Mandarin: a study on productivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Shen ◽  
R. Harald Baayen
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Distributional Semantics ◽  
Semantic Transparency ◽  
Noun Compounds ◽  
Hapax Legomena

Abstract In structuralist linguistics, compounds are argued not to constitute morphological categories, due to the absence of systematic form-meaning correspondences. This study investigates subsets of compounds for which systematic form-meaning correspondences are present: adjective–noun compounds in Mandarin. We show that there are substantial differences in the productivity of these compounds. One set of productivity measures (the count of types, the count of hapax legomena, and the estimated count of unseen types) reflect compounds’ profitability. By contrast, the category-conditioned degree of productivity is found to correlate with the internal semantic transparency of the words belonging to a morphological category. Greater semantic transparency, gauged by distributional semantics, predicts greater category-conditioned productivity. This dovetails well with the hypothesis that semantic transparency is a prerequisite for a word formation process to be productive.

scholarly journals Hindi noun inflection and distributed morphology

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smriti Singh ◽  
Vaijayanthi M. Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Distributed Morphology ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Indian Languages ◽  
Word Generation ◽  
Noun Classes ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Nominal Inflection

This paper primarily presents an analysis of nominal inflection in Hindi within the framework of Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz 1993, 1994 and Harley and Noyer 1999). Müller (2002, 2003, 2004) for German, Icelandic and Russian nouns respectively and Weisser (2006) for Croatian nouns have also used Distributed Morphology (henceforth DM) to analyze nominal inflectional morphology. This paper will discuss in detail the inflectional categories and inflectional classes, the morphological processes operating at syntax, the distribution of vocabulary items and the readjustment rules required to describe Hindi nominal inflection. Earlier studies on Hindi inflectional morphology (Guru 1920, Vajpeyi 1958, Upreti 1964, etc.) were greatly influenced by the Paninian tradition (classical Sanskrit model) and work with Paninian constructs such as root and stem. They only provide descriptive studies of Hindi nouns and verbs and their inflections without discussing the role or status of affixes that take part in inflection. The discussion on the mechanisms (morphological operations and rules) used to analyze or generate word forms are missing in these studies. In addition, these studies do not account for syntax-morphology or morphology-phonology mismatches that show up in word formation. One aim of this paper is to present an economical way of forming noun classes in Hindi as compared to other traditional methods, especially gender and stem ending based or paradigm based methods that give rise to a large number of inflectional paradigms. Using inflectional class information to analyse the various forms of Hindi nouns, we can reduce the number of affixes and word-generation and readjustment rules that are required to describe nominal inflection. The analysis also helps us in developing a morphological analyzer for Hindi. The small set of rules and fewer inflectional classes are of great help to lexicographers and system developers. To the best of our knowledge, the analysis of Hindi inflectional morphology based on DM and its implementation in a Hindi morphological analyzer has not been done before. The methods discussed here can be applied to other Indian languages for analysis as well as word generation.

The acquisition of compounds in Lithuanian

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 51-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ineta Dabašinskienė
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Child Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Verb Inflection ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Marked Preference ◽  
Noun Compounds

This study analyzes longitudinal data of two Lithuanian children, a boy and a girl, with the aim of investigating children’s ability to produce compounds. In contrast to such languages as German or English, Lithuanian does not show a marked preference for noun-compounding. It is not surprising, then that compounds in the analyzed child language data appear quite rarely, although in Lithuanian compounding is a productive pattern of word formation. The analysis of the data shows that compounds emerge quite early as pure imitations of adult utterances; however, even in later stages of language acquisition, when used spontaneously, they occur mostly as lexicalized items. Our data show that the first compounds appear after the emergence of noun and verb inflection and diminutives. These first compounds belong to the type of subordinate, endocentric two-member noun+noun compounds without interfixes.  

scholarly journals Composizione-univerbazione? Le oscillazioni di grafia nei produttivi composti italiani a schema (N) VN sul materiale linguistico tratto da La Gazzetta dello Sport negli anni 2016—2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 314-334
Author(s):  
Anna Godzich
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Semantic Relationship ◽  
The Status ◽  
Noun Compounds

Word-formation and compounding in Italian present many interesting challenges (classification of compounds, its interpretation and types of semantic relationship that may hold between the compound’s elements). This article attempts to examine a different one — the orthography of one productive compounding pattern in present-day Italian, that is Verb + Noun compounds. Various accounts of Verb + Noun ortography are reviewed, with special focus on the status of hyphenated words. In light of this data, the author focuces also on the problem of inclusion of compounds as multi-word units by dictionaries. The aim of this research is to contrast theoretical prescriptions with some data samples of Italian (Noun) Verb + Noun compounds drawn from La Gazzetta dello Sport (2016—2020). With this analysis the author wants to examine more in detail whether the use reflects what Italian grammarians claim about the Verb + Noun compounds ortography rules, because in various researches conducted in this field that aspect has often been neglected.

scholarly journals Towards a computational morphological analysis of Setswana compounds

Literator ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Pretorius ◽  
B. Viljoen ◽  
R. Pretorius ◽  
A. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Computational Results ◽  
Noun Compounds

The development of a computational morphological analyser for Setswana necessitates the accurate modelling and implementation of, among others, compounding as a word formation process. Compounding is known to be an area of Setswana morphology that has sadly been neglected and still requires much investigation and research. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the formation of noun + noun compounds by computational morphological means in order to understand how this process should be formalised, modelled and subsequently implemented. In particular, an empirical study based on a collection of Setswana noun + noun compounds is reported on. The computational morphological analysis of these compounds revealed linguistic deviations from the standard morphological rules governing the formation of nouns and deverbatives. Examples, computational results and a discussion of the main findings are included.

scholarly journals An Investigation of Morphological Productivity of Nominal and Verbal Compounds in Legal Discourse

SEEU Review ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
Jeta Hamzai
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Law Faculty ◽  
Morphological Productivity ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Noun Compounds ◽  
Verb Compounds ◽  
Hapax Legomenon

AbstractCompounding is one of the most productive word-formation processes in contemporary Standard English. Hence, new patterns occur regularly. Productivity is one of the characteristic features of human language which implies the ability to create and understand new word forms by the speaker of a language. This was the starting point and motivation of this paper. The main aim of this paper was to investigate the morphological productivity of nominal and verb compounds in English as a foreign language in terms of the most productive and the least productive patterns of compounds in a written English corpus (consisted of 60073 words) by 75 students enrolled in undergraduate studies at the Law Faculty at SEEU. The quantitative measure used for the evaluation of the productivity of compounding patterns was according to hapax legomenon [P = n1 / N]. Findings from the empirical approach show that the most productive compounds in the analyzed corpus (professional /Legal English context) are verb compounds, followed by special noun compounds, whereas the least productive were noun compounds. The analysis of the corpus showed that morphological productivity in compounding increased in the writing of students with higher degree of competence and proficiency of English.

scholarly journals Occasional word-formation as a dynamic aspect of the Russian language derivational system

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 445-452
Author(s):  
Tatyana Shchuklina
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Dynamic Aspect ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Modern Russian

The article is devoted to the study of unusual word-formation as a manifestation of the dynamic aspect of Russian word-formation. The subject of the research are active wordbuilding processes of the modern Russian language, structural-semantic and functionalpragmatic characteristics of occasional units. The research is based on theoretical contributions of W. von Humboldt where the language is considered not only as a product of human activity but as an activity itself, and ideas of E. A. Zemskaya of activity nature of the Russian wordformation as a subsystem of the general language system. Revealing of productive methods and techniques of occasional neologisms formation functioning in the Russian newspaper periodicals testifies that occasional word-formation is one of the most important operating mechanisms of the Russian language derivational system; the dynamics of word-formation processes in the language of mass media reflects general trends of the modern Russian literary language development, taking place within the framework of language democratization and liberalization.

Does French have verbal-nexus Noun+Noun compounds?

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-223
Author(s):  
Jan Radimský
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Regular Word ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Formation Pattern ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Noun Compounds

Abstract Though components of subordinate NN compounds may in principle display a wide variety of semantic relationships, data from Romance suggest that in languages where the NN pattern is still new and peripheral, the different subtypes of NN compounds do not necessarily emerge at the same rhythm. The aim of this article is to verify the assumption that French, unlike Italian, does not have an available word-formation pattern of verbal-nexus NN compounds (i.e. compounds in which the verb-argument relationship is featured). With reference to extensive corpus data, it will be demonstrated that in both languages many different subtypes of verbal-nexus NN compounds are attested, but Italian has already developed a consistent and regular word-formation paradigm based on one particular subtype of verbal-nexus NN compounds, while French data do not display such regularity, and the verbal-nexus pattern is much more peripheral in this language.

scholarly journals Some characteristics of deverbal nominals in Slavic and Romance languages

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivica Peša Matracki ◽  
Vinko Kovačić
Keyword(s):  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Distributed Morphology ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Formation Model ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Deverbal Nominals

In this paper we will investigate the nature of deverbal nominals across languages. Deverbal nouns are typically classified according to their word-formation model: affixation and conver-sion. Our study will compare the word formation of deverbal nominals in Slavic (Croatian, Slovenian and Polish) and Romance languages (Italian, French and Spanish) in order to show (i) that affixation corresponds to a specific mode of morphological operations and (ii) that the differences and similarities between deverbal nominals of these two language families follow from the properties of the base verbs. Furthermore, our analysis will try to shed some light on the distinction between nouns and verbs. The paper comprises three major thematic parts. The first part briefly reviews the basic notions and theoretical assumptions of Generative Grammar regarding word formation. We have especially tried to explain those notions that we draw from Distributed Morphology. This part further exposes the theoretical framework that is used in this paper. In the second part, deverbal nominals in Slavic languages are analysed and de-scribed. We primarily investigate the Slavic languages, since in these languages morphology plays a larger role in the construction of deverbal nouns. The third part contains an investiga-tion of the phrasal structure of nominalizations across the Romance languages. We close the work with a general conclusion about the behaviour of deverbal nouns in these two groups of languages. We concentrate mainly on the differences between the phrasal architecture of nom-inalizations and correspondent verbal constructions.

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