The Effects of Salinity on Herring After Metamorphosis

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. T. Holliday ◽  
J. H. S. Blaxter
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Tolerance Range ◽  
Blood Concentrations

The salinity tolerance of herring 9-ca 24 cm in length was found to lie between 6‰0 and 40–45‰0.Determinations of changes in weight and blood concentration (by measurement of the freezing-point), when herring were transferred from one salinity to another, demonstrated that extensive changes occurred in the blood. Under these conditions the herring experienced and survived blood concentrations equivalent to salinites of 13–22·5‰. A recovery to near normal (δ0·95 ≡ 15·8‰) took place in all the salinities within the tolerance range.Badly descaled herring in sea water showed large increases in blood concentration before death.A study of the kidney of the herring indicated that the ability to withstand the low salinities for long periods probably rested in the high glomerular count of the kidney.The importance of damage to the skin for survival is discussed in relation to tagging experiments.The results are also discussed in relation to the evolution of the herring.

Blood Concentrations of Limnoria (Isopoda) in Relation to Salinity

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Eltringham
Keyword(s):  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Wood Boring

SUMMARYFreezing-point measurements were made of blood samples taken from specimens of the marine wood-boring isopod Limnoria that had been exposed to sea water of various salinities for 2-3 days. Most of the work was done with L. (L.) tripunctata Menzies, but some preliminary experiements were carried out with L. (L.) lignorum (Rathke) and L. (L.) quadripunctata Holthuis.It was found that the freezing point of the blood averaged 0·17°C above that of the external of medium in both hyp- and hyperosmotic environments. In the absence of any obvious factor which could explain this discrepancy, it is assumed that Limnoria has a certain degree of control over its blood concentrations.Further experiments showed that the blood concentration fell as soon as the animal was introduced to the reduced salinity and levelled off at the hyperosmotic value within a few hours. There was some evidence of a periodicity in the osmoregulation.The possible energetics of osmoregulation in Limnoria are discussed and it is concluded that the amount of energy utilized in the process is unlikely to make any significant inroad into the energy resources available for boring activity.

Responses and acclimation to salinity in the adults of some balanomorph barnacles

1970 ◽  
Vol 256 (810) ◽  
pp. 377-400 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Salinity Acclimation ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Tissue Resistance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
External Salinity ◽  
Balanus Balanoides

The responses of a number of barnacles to a wide range of salinity have been studied by observation of the activity and measurement of the depression of freezing point of the blood. In active barnacles of the species Elminius modestus, Balanus balanoides, B. crenatus, B. improvisus, B. hameri, B. balanus and Chthamalus stellatus the blood concentration conforms with changes in the external salinity. The concentration of the blood tends to remain slightly hyperosmotic to the fluid in the mantle cavity, and to the medium. With sudden changes of external salinity the blood concentration conforms within a few hours if cirral activity is maintained. When placed in such low salinities that activity is inhibited, E. modestus, B. balanoides, B. crenatus, B. improvisus, B. balanus and C. stellatus close the opercular valves with the result that the blood and mantle cavity fluid are maintained for some time at a level initially considerably hyperosmotic to the medium, but the blood is still only slightly hyperosmotic to the fluid remaining in the mantle cavity. There is no permanent control, and in time the blood concentration approximates to the external level. E. modestus, B. balanoides and B. improvisus from low salinity estuarine habitats, and B. crenatus after gradual reduction of salinity in the laboratory over a matter of days, exhibit tolerance to lower salinities than do specimens of the same species obtained from, or acclimated to normal salinities. Salinity acclimation is typical of osmoconformers lacking specific organs for effective regulation. It is concluded that the barnacles here tested are osmoconformers, able to adjust to small changes of environmental salinity by tissue acclimation, but evading too severe salinity changes by withdrawing into the protection of the shell. The deep sea B. hameri , however, does not close up when immersed in dilute sea water, and appears to be relatively stenohaline with limited ability to acclimate to low salinity. The intertidal E. modestus and B. balanoides , and the low-tidal to sublittoral B. crenatus , are tolerant, after experimental or natural acclimation, of salinities down to 14 to 17 ‰. The estuarine B. improvisus can, with gradual acclimation, be induced to be active in a salinity of about 2 ‰ . This species is remarkably tolerant of dilution of the blood, and its distribution into regions of low salinity is evidently due to a wide tissue resistance and not to any ability to regulate.

Osmoregulation in Ligia Oceanica and Idotea Granulosa

1963 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-392
Author(s):  
MARY E. TODD
Keyword(s):  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
External Concentration ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Test Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Idotea Granulosa

1. The osmoregulatory response of Ligia oceanica and Idotea granulosa to the range of the experimental variables was similar. They were both hyperosmotic relative to the medium and the difference between internal and external concentration increased as the salinity of the medium decreased. 2. In 100% sea water the osmotic concentration of the blood of Ligia oceanica was markedly above that of the medium, whereas in Idotea granulosa the blood was only marginally hyperosmotic. 3. In Ligia oceanica the blood concentration changed little in 100 and 75% sea water, but dropped significantly between 75 and 50% sea water, whereas blood concentration in Idotea granulosa dropped significantly throughout the test range of salinities. 4. The more efficient osmoregulation of Ligia oceanica in 25% sea water is reflected in the mean freezing-point depression of the blood, Δi = 1.65, compared with Δi = 0.90 in Idotea granulosa. 5. In both species the osmotic concentration of the blood was influenced by season, by temperature and by a temperature-salinity interaction. 6. Neither size nor sex of the animal influenced osmotic concentration of the blood.

Activation of the Sodium Uptake System at High Blood Concentrations in the Amphipod Gammarus Duebeni

1964 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-458
Author(s):  
A. P. M. LOCKWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Uptake System ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Blood Concentrations

1. Some factors responsible for eliciting an increase in the rate of active uptake of sodium by Gammarus duebeni have been studied. 2. Animals previously acclimatized to high salinities (100-161% sea water) had their blood concentration suddenly lowered by treatment with deionized water to a level similar to, but a little above, that of animals kept in 50-66% sea water. Both groups were placed in the same tracer medium, i.e. 5% sea water labelled with 22Na and with sucrose added. The animals treated with deionized water showed an influx, on average, of 4 times that of the controls from 50 to 66% sea water. 3. No increase in influx followed treatment of animals from 161% sea water with 50% sea water or with sucrose solution isosmotic with 50% sea water, despite the fact that the osmotic gradient between 161 and 50% sea water is greater than the gradient between 100% sea water and deionized water. 4. It is concluded that in these experiments the rate of uptake is not influenced primarily by the absolute concentration of the blood, the rate of change of blood concentration, the rate of swelling of the tissues or the extent of the blood volume. 5. The possibility is considered that both the concentration of the urine and the rate of uptake of sodium may, in some circumstances, be controlled by an exteroreceptor which monitors the concentration of the medium and mediates its effect via a humoral system.

scholarly journals Studies on Adaptation to Salinity in Gammarus Spp

1940 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-163
Author(s):  
L. C. BEADLE ◽  
J. B. CRAGG
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Tolerance Range ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ion Absorption

1. Four species of Gammarus were studied: the fresh-water G. pulex, the brackish water G. duebeni, and two normally marine species G. locusta and obtusatus, the former of which has also been recorded from brackish water. 2. The relation between osmotic pressure and chloride of the blood and of the external medium, after sudden transfer to salinities which could be withstood for at least 24 hr., is shown in Fig. 1. 3. The changes in blood osmotic pressure are due to salt and not to water movements. 4. The marine species G. obtusatus and locusta maintain a very hypertonic blood in dilute sea water and can withstand 50% (270 mM.) and 25% (135 mM.) sea water respectively. 5. The brackish water G. duebeni has a tolerance range from pure sea water to water containing a trace of salt, but is not as well adapted to fresh water as G. pulex. 6. For a wide salinity tolerance range two mechanisms are necessary, (a) for regulating the blood concentration within certain limits, and (b) for maintaining a low intracellular concentration of certain ions (e.g. C1) in spite of changes in blood concentration. Defection of the latter mechanism can alone account for the inability of G. pulex to withstand direct transfer to more than about 40% sea water (115 mM.). 7. On the basis of this work and that of others on other animals the following hypothesis is suggested. Adaptation to fresh water has proceeded by two main stages: (a) Probably by active ion absorption, a high blood concentration is maintained (as in Eriocheir sinensis and Telphusa fluviatile) and is associated with a large blood/tissue C1 gradient. Such animals can still be transferred suddenly to a high concentration of sea water. (b) Evolution of the renal salt-reabsorption mechanism, and lowering of both blood concentration and blood/tissue C1 gradient to levels more easily maintained (as in G. pulex and most fresh-water animals). The consequent loss of power to maintain a large blood/tissue C1 gradient entails inability to withstand transfer to more than low concentrations of sea water, unless, as in certain species, a special mechanism is evolved for preventing the blood concentration from rising.

The ice nucleating ability of macromolecules in immersion freezing decreases in the presence of salts: Implications for freezing point depression calculations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon F. Went ◽  
Jeanette D. Wheeler ◽  
François J. Peaudecerf ◽  
Nadine Borduas-Dedekind
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Mixed Phase ◽  
Cloud Formation ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Immersion Freezing ◽  
Mixed Phase Clouds

<p>Cloud formation represents a large uncertainty in current climate predictions. In particular, ice in mixed-phase clouds requires the presence of ice nucleating particles (INPs) or ice nucleating macromolecules (INMs). An influential population of INPs has been proposed to be organic sea spray aerosols in otherwise pristine ocean air. However, the interactions between INMs present in sea water and their freezing behavior under atmospheric immersion freezing conditions warrants further research to constrain the role of sea spray aerosols on cloud formation. Indeed, salt is known to lower the freezing temperature of water, through a process called freezing point depression (FPD). Yet, current FPD corrections are solely based on the salt content and assume that the INMs’ ice nucleation abilities are identical with and without salt. Thus, we measured the effect of salt content on the ice nucleating ability of INMs, known to be associated with marine phytoplankton, in immersion freezing experiments in the Freezing Ice Nuclei Counter (FINC) (Miller et al., AMTD, 2020). We measured eight INMs, namely taurine, isethionate, xylose, mannitol, dextran, laminarin, and xanthan as INMs in pure water at temperatures relevant for mixed-phase clouds (e.g. 50% activated fraction at temperatures above –23 °C at 10 mM concentration). Subsequently, INMs were analyzed in artificial sea water containing 36 g salt L<sup>-1</sup>. Most INMs, except laminarin and xanthan, showed a loss of ice activity in artificial sea water compared to pure water, even after FPD correction. Based on our results, we hypothesize sea salt has an inhibitory effect on the ice activity of INMs. This effect influences our understanding of how INMs nucleate ice as well as challenges our use of FPD correction and subsequent extrapolation to ice activity under mixed-phase cloud conditions.</p>

Characteristics of Sea-Water Ice Slurry for Cooling of Fish

2013 ◽  
Vol 388 ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agus Sunjarianto Pamitran ◽  
Helmi Dadang Ardiansyah ◽  
Mach Novviali
Keyword(s):  
Solid Surface ◽  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Good Time ◽  
Ice Slurry ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Cooling Method

A more effective of cooling method is necessary for fish storage to get high quality and long freshness of fish. Ice block is not sufficient for fish storage because of its hard-solid surface that can damage the fish. Moreover for some remote area it is difficult to find ice block in good time with reasonable/low price. One solution for this problem is the using of sea-water ice slurry for fish cooling. Ice slurry is formed when the sea-water temperature goes down to its freezing point, when the early nucleation is formed. Crystal ice can be formed when chemical equilibrium is occurred. The purpose of this present study is to observe the characteristics of ice slurry generation using scraper blade evaporator and orbital rod evaporator. The experiment is done under some experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Salinity optima for vegetative growth and sexual reproduction of the diatom Toxarium undulatum

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
N. A. Davidovich ◽  
O. I. Davidovich
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Clonal Cultures ◽  
Oceanic Species

Distribution of diatom algae is limited by their tolerance to environmental factors. Although a genus Toxarium has been evolving for more than 100 million years, it is represented by only two species. Toxarium undulatum is widely spread in tropical and subtropical seas, and it can be also found in the Black Sea, the salinity of which is twice lower than the oceanic one. Ecological and psychological characteristics research of this species is of great interest in terms of its relationship to salinity. T. undulatum clonal cultures were sampled in the Donuzlav Lake connected to the Black Sea (southwest of the Crimean Peninsula) and on Gran Canaria coast (Canary Islands archipelago). Experiments on the salinity tolerance limits showed, that the Black Sea clones were viable in a range of at least 30 ‰ (12 to 42 ‰). The same wide range of salinity tolerance with slightly higher values was observed among oceanic clones of this species. Optima of vegetative growth and sexual reproduction were determined. Optima of the Black Sea clones appeared to be 27.8 and 27.2 ‰, respectively, which was significantly higher than salinity observed in population habitat. Similar higher optima of vegetative growth and sexual reproduction, compared with those salinity values, at which natural population developed, were observed for a number of other Black Sea diatoms, which proved their oceanic (Mediterranean) origin. It was concluded that T. undulatum, along with other species, began to populate the Black Sea basin about seven thousand years ago after Mediterranean Sea water started to flow into the freshened Novoevksinsky Sea-Lake through the Bosporus Strait. However, the evolution rate did not allow bringing physiological and ecological characteristics of the species studied into full agreement with environmental conditions. Oceanic origin is evidently seen in its physiological reactions to salinity. Possibility of speciation due to settlement of the Black Sea with oceanic species is discussed.

The Water Balance of a Serpulid Polychaete, Mercierella Enigmatica (Fauvel)

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
HELEN LE B. SKAER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Passive Movements

1. The serpulid polychaete Mercierella enigmatica is found naturally in a wide range of salinities - from fresh water to 150% sea water (< 1-55‰ < 25.8-1421 mOsm). 2. Changes in body weight, blood volume and blood osmolality have been measured both during and after equilibration of animals with media of altered salinity. 3. The blood remains similar in osmolality to the external medium over a very wide range of salinity (43-1620 mOsm); osmoregulation occurs only at the lowest limit of the natural range. 4. Mercierella enigmatica shows volume regulation; after 4 days of equilibration with a medium of altered salinity the blood volume shows much less change than the blood concentration. 5. During equilibration there appear to be passive movements of both water and salts between the animals and their environment.

scholarly journals Ice-Ocean Interaction On Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 341
Author(s):  
A. Jenkins ◽  
C.S.M. Doake
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Horizontal Shear ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ice Stream

A detailed glaciological study of Ronne Ice Shelf has been undertaken along a flowline extending from Rutford Ice Stream grounding line to the ice front. Measurements of velocity, surface elevation, ice thickness, surface temperature and accumulation rate have been made at a total of 28 sites; at 17 of these ice deformation rates are also known. Although no direct measurements of basal conditions have been made, these can be deduced from observations made at the surface. Assuming the ice shelf to be in a steady state, the basal mass balance can be calculated at points where strain-rates are known. Information on the spatial distribution of basal saline ice layers can also be obtained from radio-echo sounding data. The derived pattern of basal melting and freezing influences both the ice shelf and the underlying ocean. Vertical heat advection modifies the temperature distribution within the ice shelf, which determines its dynamic response to driving and restraining forces through the temperature-dependent ice-flow law. Using measured strain-rates and calculated temperature profiles, the restraint generated by horizontal shear stresses can be derived for points on the flowline. It is the cumulative effect of these forces which controls the discharge of grounded ice from Rutford Ice Stream. Cooling of sea-water to its pressure melting point by melting of ice at depth has two important results. The outflow of cold, dense Ice Shelf Water, produced by this mechanism, is a major source of Antarctic Bottom Water, formed as it mixes at depth with the warmer waters of the Weddell Sea (Foldvik and Gammelsrod, 1988). If the cold water is forced up to shallower depths, frazil ice will be produced as the pressure freezing point rises, resulting in basal accretion if this occurs beneath the ice shelf.

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