On the Nutrition and Metabolism of Zooplankton VII. Seasonal Survey of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Excretion by Calanus in the Clyde Sea-Area

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. I. Butler ◽  
E. D. S. Corner ◽  
S. M. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Plant Food ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Present Survey ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Phosphorus Excretion ◽  
Clyde Sea ◽  
Sea Area

In a recent study (Butler, Corner & Marshall, 1969) it was found that the excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus in soluble form by Calanus finmarchicus caught at Garroch Head in the Clyde sea-area was significantly higher in spring when plant food was plentiful, than in autumn when plant food was in relatively short supply. The present survey has extended this earlier study to include more detailed data at all times of the year, particular attention being paid to the spring diatom increase of 1969 when plant food in the sea near Garroch Head rose above the level which Beklemishev (1962) regards as inducing superfluous feeding, a wasteful process partially involving the inefficient assimilation of foodstuffs (see ‘Discussion’, p. 549).

scholarly journals A comparative study of the British species of Nucula and Nuculana

1954 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Present Survey ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
The Family ◽  
Marine Station ◽  
Clyde Sea ◽  
Sea Area

The survey of the sublittoral fauna of the Clyde Sea Area from 1949 onwards has shown that five species of the Protobranchiata are abundant throughout this region on a variety of substrata. Pelseneer (1891, 1899, 1911), Heath (1937), and Yonge (1939) have contributed much to the knowledge of the group as a whole, but little comparative work has been done at species level. Verrill & Bush (1897, 1898) studied the shell characters of the American Atlantic species. Moore (1931 a, b) worked on the faecal pellets of the British Nuculidae and attempted to distinguish the species by this means, while Winckworth (1930,1931), mainly in the light of the latter work, attempted to clarify the nomenclature of these species. Winckworth (1932) lists six British species of the family Nuculidae: Nucula sulcata Bronn, N. nucleus (Linné), N. hanleyi Winckworth, N. turgida Leckenby & Marshall, N. moorei Winckworth and N. tenuis (Montagu); and four species of the family Nuculanidae: Nuculana minuta (Müller), Yoldiella lucida (Loven), Y. tomlini Winckworth and Phaseolus pusillus (Jeffreys). All species of Nucula, except N. hanleyi, were taken from the Clyde Sea Area, although the latter species is included in the Clyde fauna list (Scott Elliot, Laurie & Murdoch, 1901). Only Nuculana minuta of the Nuculanidae has been taken on the present survey. Yoldiella tomlini is included in the 1901 list but is noted as being ‘insufficiently attested’. Nucula hanleyi was obtained from the Marine Station, Port Erin, but Yoldiella and Phaseolus were unobtainable.

scholarly journals Food and Habits of Meganyctiphanes norvegica

1927 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Suspension Feeder ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Muddy Bottom ◽  
Meganyctiphanes Norvegica ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Clyde Sea ◽  
Sea Area

1. Vegetable detritus of land and coastal origin is of notable importance as a source of food, especially to those specimens measuring 21-29 mm., which is the most abundant size found in the Clyde Sea Area.2. Meganyctiphanes in the Clyde Sea Area for the most part lives and feeds between 10 and 20 fathoms above a muddy bottom, usually in waters about 60-80 fathoms deep.3. Meganyctiphanes feeds by selecting from the surrounding water the suspended micro-organisms and detritus, and would thus come under the category of a “suspension feeder.”4. The larger specimens measuring 29-31 mm. are found chiefly in Upper Loch Fyne. The largest specimens measuring 37 mm. are found exclusively in Upper Loch Fyne.5. Adult specimens tend to decrease in numbers from May till September. During these months they appear to live during the day immediately above or on the muddy bottom.6. The association of Meganyctijihanes norvegica, Thysanoessa raschii, Euchceta norvegica, and Calanus finmarchicus, in large numbers in Upper Loch Fyne would indicate that conditions there are specially favourable to all these species.7. In Upper Loch Fyne M. norvegica, T. raschii, E. norvegica, and C. finmarchicus, make partial vertical diurnal migrations, specimens being found a few fathoms from the bottom during both day and night.8. Under certain circumstances light appears to have a harmful effect on M. norvegica.

Memoirs: On the Protozoan Parasites of Calanus Finmarchicus in the Clyde Sea Area

1937 ◽  
Vol s2-79 (316) ◽  
pp. 589-658
Author(s):  
MARGARET W. JEPPS
Keyword(s):  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Special Study ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Clyde Sea ◽  
Sea Area

An account is given of the parasites reputed to be of protozoan nature which were observed in Calanus finmarchicus in the Clyde Sea Area, during the years 1933 to 1936. These comprise Blastodinium, Syndinium, some Gregarines, an ectoparasitic Ciliate new to science, Paradinium, Ellobiopsis, and Ichthyosporidium, besides early stages in the development of some Platyhelminth worms. A special study is made of Paradinium, which was plentiful throughout the summer months, and of the effect of the plasmodial parasites on their hosts.

On the Nutrition and Metabolism of Zooplankton IX. Studies Relating to the Nutrition of Over-Wintering Calanus

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. S. Corner ◽  
R. N. Head ◽  
C. C. Kilvington ◽  
S. M. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Matter ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Particulate Nitrogen ◽  
Clyde Sea ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
Calanus Helgolandicus

Studies were made relating to the problem of how Calanus feeds during winter in the Clyde sea-area. Different diets were assessed in terms of sustaining the levels of body nitrogen and phosphorus in Calanus helgolandicus (Claus) over a period of several days. The test diets, all equivalent to the same level of particulate nitrogen in sea water, were: (1) suspended matter collected from the Clyde sea-area in winter; (2) particulate material produced in a foam-tower by bubbling sea water enriched with soluble extracts of plant cells; (3) living nauplii of the barnacle Elminius modestus Darwin; (4) dead nauplii of this species.It was found that neither body nitrogen nor body phosphorus was sustained by diet 1; that body nitrogen, but not body phosphorus, was sustained by diet 2; that both were sustained by either of diets 3 and 4.With living Elminius nauplii as the food, each Calanus captured the equivalent of 25 % of its body nitrogen and 47·3 % of its body phosphorus daily: with dead nauplii as the food the corresponding values were 34·4 and 44·5%. These rations are much higher than those found in an earlier study of Calanus grazing on a spring diatom increase in the Clyde (Butler, Corner & Marshall, 1970) and demonstrate that animal diets are readily captured.In general, the results indicate that Calanus could survive the winter in the Clyde sea-area by feeding carnivorously.

On the Biology of Calanus finmarchicus. II. Seasonal Variations in the size of Calanus finmarchicus in the Clyde Sea-Area

1933 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Clyde Sea ◽  
Sea Area

The size of the cephalothorax in Stage IV, Stage V, and Stage VI Calanus has been measured during the year 1931–1932 at three stations in the Clyde Sea-Area.In general the size was greatest when the water temperature was low, and least when it was high, but besides this there was a series of increases and decreases in size which were apparently connected with the breeding periods. The Calanus produced at the beginning of a breeding period were large (at Station I) and those produced at the end were small (at Stations I and II). The greatest production of eggs usually occurred when the female Calanus were of small size.During the autumn of 1931 the Stage V Calanus from Station IV (upper Loch Fyne) were considerably larger than those from the rest of the area, but this distinction had been lost by the autumn of 1931.Stages IV and V Calanus taken in the top 30 m. were almost invariably smaller than those from deeper water.The Calanus show a very wide range of sizes, the range for Stage V overlapping those for both male and female. Possible causes of this are discussed.

Note on Apstein's parasites and some very early larval platyhelminthes

Parasitology ◽  
1937 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret W. Jepps
Keyword(s):  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Clyde Sea ◽  
Sea Area

The paper by Apstein (1911) is the only previous work known to me which is concerned with parasites of marine pelagic Crustacea in general, chiefly Copepoda, and especially of Calanus finmarchicus. It is of the nature of a preliminary note, since his work in the neighbourhood of Kiel was suddenly interrupted in its early stages; so that, while some of his “parasites” are easily identifiable, the scanty notes on others are difficult of interpretation and have given much trouble to subsequent writers. After making observations on the parasites of Calanus in the Clyde Sea Area over a period of several years, I feel in a position to offer the following opinions on Apstein's note together with an account of very early stages in the development of some larval Platyhelminthes.

scholarly journals On the Biology of Calanus finmarchicus, I. Reproduction and Seasonal Distribution in the Clyde Sea-Area during 1932

1933 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Percentage Composition ◽  
One Year ◽  
Clyde Sea ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
Total Life

1. Fortnightly samples were taken with a fine-meshed net in single vertical hauls at different positions in the Clyde Sea-Area.2. Each stage of Calanus present, from ovum to adult, was counted, and charts were constructed expressing these results for one year as total numbers and as percentage composition.3. Calanus passes the autumn and early winter mainly in its Stage V copepodite form.4. In general, total numbers were high in September, 1931, and fell steadily to a minimum in March; in Loch Fyne the minimum occurred i n April.5. A sudden increase was observed in May and numbers rose to maximal values; the decline also was sudden.6. Reproduction began in February and three plainly marked breeding periods were observed between February and July.7. The time taken by the egg in developing into the adult was four weeks.8. The total life of a Calanus during the summer was estimated to be about two and a half months; in winter it is five to six months.9. In Loch Fyne a noticeable lag occurred during the winter and early spring.10. The number of Calanus present in the autumn of 1932 was considerably less than.at the same time in 1931. This may have been due to a shortage of food.

On the Biology of Calanus finmarchicus. III. Vertical Distribution and Diurnal Migration in the Clyde Sea-Area

1933 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Bright Sunlight ◽  
Clyde Sea ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
Diurnal Migration

1. Previous work on vertical distribution and diurnal migration is described.2. The diurnal migration of Calanus was studied on two occasions in Loch Fyne (January and July, 1932).3. Vertical hauls were taken every three hours with a closing net dividing the total depth into six sections.4. The results for each copepodite stage of Calanus are discussed, and January and July conditions are compared where possible.5. Ova and nauplii were observed to be most abundant in the top 30 metres.6. Copepodite Stages I, II, and III were most abundant above 30 metres and only the third copepodites showed any tendency to descend as the light increased.7. Stage IV showed a migration towards the surface at night, but were generally distributed during the next day.8. It is suggested that the results for this stage are probably confused owing to its transitional nature between the young stages living at the surface and Stage V Calanus living in deep water.9. Stage V was found always in deep water, slight diurnal changes being ascribed to the presence of such Calanus as were about to moult into adults.10. Females showed definite diurnal migration in both January and July.11. Males showed a general distribution and migrated in small numbers towards the surface at night and away from it during daylight.12. Stage V copepodites and females both lived nearer the surface in January than in July, correlated with seasonal changes in the intensity of the sunlight.13. The presence of swarms of Calanus at the surface under conditions of bright sunlight is discussed.

James Thomas Marshall's correspondence (1887–1895) with Scotland's Alexander Somerville: practical, personal and controversial matters in conchology

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. MOORE
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Marine Science ◽  
The One ◽  
Clyde Sea ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
Molluscan Species

Attention is drawn to the one side remaining of a nineteenth-century correspondence addressed to Alexander Somerville that is housed in the archives of the Scottish Association for Marine Science at Oban, concerning conchological matters. Previously unstudied letters from James Thomas Marshall shed new light on the practicalities of offshore dredging by nineteenth-century naturalists in the Clyde Sea Area; on personalities within conchology; on the controversies that raged among the conchological community about the production of an agreed list of British molluscan species and on the tensions between conchology and malacology. In particular, the criticism of Canon A. E. Norman's ideas regarding taxonomic revision of J. G. Jeffreys's British conchology, as expressed by Marshall, are highlighted.

scholarly journals XXIII.—The Clyde Sea Area

1892 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Robert Mill
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
Experimental Physics ◽  
University Of Edinburgh ◽  
Marine Station ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Grant ◽  
One Year ◽  
The University ◽  
Clyde Sea ◽  
Sea Area

The fjord-like inlets or sea-lochs which form so conspicuous a feature in the scenery of the west of Scotland stand in marked contrast to the shallow, low-shored firths of the east coast. When Dr John Murray decided to extend the physical and biological work of the Scottish Marine Station to the west coast he foresaw that many interesting conclusions were likely to be derived from the study of these isolated sea-basins. Various papers, published by him and other workers, contain preliminary discussions of many of the phenomena observed, fully justifying the anticipations which had been formed.For one year my work, as described in this paper, was carried out under the provisions of an Elective Fellowship in Experimental Physics of the University of Edinburgh, to which I had been elected in 1886; and subsequently by a personal grant from the Government Grant Committee for Scientific Research. The Committee also devoted several sums of money in payment of expenses in compiling this discussion. The Scottish Marine Station throughout gave the use of the steam-yacht “Medusa,” and the necessary apparatus.

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