scholarly journals Chemical changes in sea water off Plymouth during 1957

1959 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. J. Armstrong ◽  
E. I. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Vacuum Distillation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Distillation Method ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
The Government ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

Analyses of sea water collected during 1957 at the International Hydrographic Station E1 (lat. 50° 02′ N., long 4° 22′ W.) are given here in the same form as in earlier reports (Armstrong, 1954, 1955, I957> 1958). The methods of collection and of analysis for phosphorus and silicon are substantially unchanged. Some analyses were made for ammonia by a vacuum distillation method (Riley, 1953), and for inorganic nitrogen (nitrate + nitrite + ammonia) by reduction of nitrate and nitrite with nickel (Riley & Sinhaseni, 1957) to ammonia, which was vacuum distilled. Salinities were determined by the Government Chemist's Department.We wish to express our thanks to Lt.-Cdr. C. A. Hoodless and the crew of R.V. ‘Sarsia’ and to Capt. W. J. Creese and the crew of R.V. ‘Sula’, for assistance at sea.

scholarly journals The determination of ammonia and total ionic inorganic nitrogen in sea water

1957 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Riley ◽  
P. Sinhaseni
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Vacuum Distillation ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Tetraacetic Acid ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

Microdiffusion using a Cavett flask has been employed instead of vacuum distillation for the separation of ammonia from sea water; diffusion is approximately 75% complete after 24 h at 70°C. The recovered ammonia is determined by a modification of the phenate-hypochlorite method.Raney nickel in the presence of ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid has been used for the reduction of nitrate and nitrite to ammonia. The latter is separated by microdiffusion and determined colorimetrically. The method showed a coefficient of variation of 2·5% on a sample of sea water containingNo interference was encountered from a variety of organic nitrogen compounds.

scholarly journals Chemical changes in sea water off Plymouth during 1959

1960 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. J. Armstrong ◽  
E. I. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Industrial Research ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Chemist

Analyses of sea water collected during 1959 at the International Hydrographic Station E1 (lat. 50° 02′ N., long. 4° 22′ W.) are given here in the same form as earlier reports (Armstrong, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1958; Armstrong & Butler, 1959, 1960). The methods of collection and analysis remain the same. Salinities were determined by the Government Chemist, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. We wish once more to thank Lt.-Cdr. C. A. Hoodless, D.S.C. and the crew of R.V. ‘Sarsia’, and Capt. W. J. Creese and the crew of R.V. ‘Sula’ for help at sea.

scholarly journals Chemical changes in sea water off Plymouth during 1958

1960 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. J. Armstrong ◽  
E. I. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Industrial Research ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Chemist

Analyses of sea water collected during 1958 at the International Hydrographic Station E1 (lat. 50° 02′ N., long. 4° 22′ W.) are given here in the same form as in earlier reports (Armstrong, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1958; Armstrong & Butler, 1959). The methods of collection and analysis remain the same. Salinities were determined by the Government Chemist, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. We wish again to thank Lt.-Cdr. C. A. Hoodless, D.S.C., and the crew of R.V. ‘Sarsia’, and Capt. W. J. Creese and the crew of R.V. ‘Sula’ for help at sea.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Program Pemberdayaan Usaha Garam Rakyat di Desa Losarang, Indramayu

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-154
Author(s):  
Santoso Budi Widiarto ◽  
Musa Hubeis ◽  
Komar Sumantadinata
Keyword(s):  
Gap Analysis ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Salt Production ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Transport Workers ◽  
Business Profit ◽  
The Government

An ironic thing that Indonesia as maritime country have insufficiency salt problem. Salt is strategic commodities that can be easily produced by evaporation of sea water and policy salts have been issued since the Dutch colonial era. In 2011 the Government of Indonesia make toward self sufficiency salt policy. This research was aimed to analyze the implementation efectivity of Salt Business Empowerment Program (Pemberdayaan Usaha Garam Rakyat or PUGAR). The research design used purposive and snowball sampling to select 70 respondents in Losarang Village at Indramayu. The data were analyzed by using Quantitative Analysis, Qualitative Analysis, SWOT and MAHP. The result showed PUGAR in Losarang, Indramayu implemented with effectiveness. This is indicated by salt production target achieved and increasing the salt farmer welfare. Implementation PUGAR make salt productivity in Losarang 90,43 ton/ha, increasing salt farmer income, empower 17 the People's Business Group Salt (Kelompok Usaha Garam Rakyat or KUGAR) with the amount of 170 salt farmers, give technological innovation and quality salt production and give job for 778 peoples as salt farmers, farm workers and transport workers. Obtained result IFE of salt bussiness is 2,608 and EFE is 2,673. Moreover the research calculate salt business feasibility that known from B/C ratio > 1, business profit margin, appropriate salt area owned by farmers, business gap analysis of salt and break even analysis. Break even analysis to determine the selling price of the large volume of salt and salt production business people to reach the point of no profit and no loss (break even). Key words: Empowerment, Farmers, Government, PUGAR, Salt, Workers

scholarly journals Inorganic nitrogen utilization by assemblages of marine bacteria in sea-water culture

1988 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 147-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
SG Horrigan ◽  
A Hagstrom ◽  
I Koike ◽  
F Azam
Keyword(s):  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Water Culture

Aral Sea and sustainable development

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Usmanova
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Drying Up ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

Until 1960 the Aral Sea was considered the 4th largest lake in the world by surface area. The Aral Sea has two main inflows - the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers with about 30 tributaries. From early 1960s because of extensive water use - unreturned withdrawal of water for irrigation and consequent drying up of many tributaries before reaching the main rivers - the water level in the Aral Sea began falling very rapidly. In 1965 the Aral Sea received about 56 cubic km of fresh water yearly, but this number fell to zero by the early 1980s. By 1990 the level of the Aral Sea water fell by more than 17 m, the volume of water decreased by 75%, the salinity of seawater increased up to 30 g/l, and the surface area of the sea reduced from 66,400 sq. km to 31,500 sq. km. The ecological situation in Aral Sea zone has became very dramatic. It has led to the changing of climate in the region, irrigated soils becoming deserts, deterioration of underground and surface water quality, reducing of available water for domestic and agricultural needs, loss of Aral Sea fishing and transportation importance, numerous other problems and finally put the health of present and future generations under threat. This situation not only does not promote further development of the economy of the region, but has also caused damage with irreparable negative consequences. The fact is that the basis of the regional economy is fishing and other associated businesses. Since Uzbekistan is most agricultural country its economy has serious complications. In order to prevent further deepening of this catastrophe and to improve the present situation in this area the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan has developed a series of measures: in particular it developed efficient water use schemes, changing the cotton situation (that during the Soviet period was grown as monoculture) by planting less water-consuming varieties, reviewing using of fertilizers in agriculture etc. The Aral Sea drought became an international disaster. World Bank, UNESCO, BMBF and others attacked the problem to protect the Aral Sea.

On the Cause and Nature of the Chemical Changes occurring in Oceanic Deposits

1897 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
W. N. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Magnesium Carbonate ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Sulphuretted Hydrogen

In Nature of January 24, 1895, appears an abstract of a paper read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh on March 7, 1892, by Dr John Murray and Mr Robert Irvine, and published in the Transactions of the Society, vol. xxxvii. part 2, No. 23, entitled “Chemical Changes between Sea-water and Oceanic Deposits.”This is an account of a chemical examination of the sea-water salts in the water adhering to or retained in mud, with special reference to the formation of the deposit known as “Blue Mud.”Dittmar's analysis of sea-water is quoted and compared with an analysis of mud-water. The chief points of difference between the two is the occurrence in mud-water salts of 0·206 per cent. of ammonium sulphate, 0·729 per cent. of magnesium carbonate, and 0·18 per cent. of manganous carbonate; also that the total salts are low in proportion to the chlorine they contain.The occurrence of ammonium sulphate in this mud, and also of manganous carbonate, are facts of much interest; but there are some equations given to explain the chemical changes which the mud undergoes which are not strictly in accordance with facts. There are three points which I would desire to draw attention to: first, the reduction of the sulphates; second, the oxidation of sulphuretted hydrogen; and third, the formation of manganous carbonate.The equations are written without reference to the part played by water in the chemical changes involved, but it may have been thought that the accuracy sacrificed was compensated by the simpler form of the equations.

Rapid and Inexpensive Steam Distillation Method for Routine Analysis of Inorganic Nitrogen in Alkaline Calcareous Soils

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 920-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Akhtar ◽  
F. Hussain ◽  
T. M. Qureshi ◽  
M. Y. Ashraf ◽  
J. Akhter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Routine Analysis ◽  
Distillation Method

11. On the Chemical Composition of the Water composing the Clyde Sea Area

1888 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 422-427
Author(s):  
Adam Dickie
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Freshwater Stream ◽  
Marine Station ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Grant ◽  
Clyde Sea ◽  
Sea Area

About the beginning of this year I was requested by a sub-committee of the Government Grant Committee* to determine some of the components of a series of samples of sea water, which were to be collected during the year at various parts and at different times in the Clyde sea area by the observers of the Scottish Marine Station. The collections were chiefly made under the immediate direction of Dr H. E. Mill. Since January, accordingly, I have been working at this, and have completed in all eighty-nine analyses, the results of which I now take the liberty of placing before this Society. There are various reasons why this paper should consist of little more than tables of results, one of which is that, having little or no experience in the science of oceanography, it would be presumptuous in me to draw conclusions from my results which would no doubt strike any one acquainted with that science at once. Another reason is that, though acquainted with some of the physical conditions under which the samples were taken, such as depth, temperature, place of collection, and date, I am quite ignorant of other conditions quite as important, if not more so, in my estimation, as, for instance, presence or absence of some freshwater stream near place of collection, state of tide, raiafall, 'c,—all conditions which would no doubt influence more or less materially the salinity of the water.

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