The Way of Efficiency: Ueno Yoichi and Scientific Management in Twentieth-Century Japan

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM M. TSUTSUI
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
Japanese History ◽  
Industrial Practice ◽  
Japanese Management ◽  
Industrial Management ◽  
Postwar Japan ◽  
Modern Japanese History ◽  
External Stimuli

The profound influence of American management thought on Japanese industrial practice has generally been considered a postwar phenomenon. Stressing the contributions of Deming, Drucker and other American experts, both popular wisdom and scholarly opinion have embraced the notion that ‘the managerial revolution that occurred in Japan after World War II was made in the United States’. Prewar Japanese management, however, has seldom been figured in terms of American inspiration. Historians have commonly conceived prewar Japanese practice as somehow impervious to American theories and techniques, emphasizing instead the importance of indigenous patterns of familialism, German influences, or a capital-labor dynamic largely detached from external stimuli. Thus, in industrial management—as in so many facets of modern Japanese history—the prewar narrative and the postwar narrative have remained separate and unreconciled. Despite recent interest in establishing a fuller genealogy of Japanese management, the question of how American models could thrive in postwar Japan without a prewar legacy of integration has yet to be answered or even seriously addressed.

Japanese Reinvention of Self through Hawai‘i’s Japanese Americans

2012 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujin Yaguchi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Asian American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
Japanese History ◽  
Postwar Japan ◽  
Postwar Reconstruction ◽  
American Hegemony ◽  
Modern Japanese History ◽  
American Society

This article investigates the relationship between Asian American and modern Japanese history by analyzing the image of Japanese Americans in postwar Japan. Based on a book of photographs featuring Japanese immigrants in Hawai‘i published in 1956, it analyzes how their image was appropriated and redefined in Japan to promote as well as reinforce the nation’s political and cultural alliance with the United States. The photographs showed the successful acculturation of Japanese in Hawai‘i to the larger American society and urged the Japanese audience to see that their nation’s postwar reconstruction would come through the power and protection of the United States. Japanese Americans in Hawai‘i served as a lens through which the Japanese in Japan could imagine their position under American hegemony in the age of Cold War.

Japanese Reinvention of Self through Hawai‘i’s Japanese Americans

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujin Yaguchi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Asian American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
Japanese History ◽  
Postwar Japan ◽  
Postwar Reconstruction ◽  
American Hegemony ◽  
Modern Japanese History ◽  
American Society

This chapter investigates the relationship between Asian American and modern Japanese history by analyzing the image of Japanese Americans in postwar Japan. Based on a book of photographs featuring Japanese immigrants in Hawai‘i published in 1956, it analyzes how their image was appropriated and redefined in Japan to promote as well as reinforce the nation’s political and cultural alliance with the United States. The photographs showed the successful acculturation of Japanese in Hawai‘i to the larger American society and urged the Japanese audience to see that their nation’s postwar reconstruction would come through the power and protection of the United States. Japanese Americans in Hawai‘i served as a lens through which the Japanese in Japan could imagine their position under American hegemony in the age of Cold War.

scholarly journals Imposition, adoption, and resistance in Lynne Kutsukake�s The Translation of Love: A postcolonial approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Bhakti Satrio Nugroho ◽  
Muhammad Arif Rokhman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Japanese Society ◽  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Postwar Japan ◽  
Transnational American Studies ◽  
Colonial Culture ◽  
Moral Crisis

This paper, which is under Transnational American Studies and Postcolonial Studies, aims to analyze a process of creating a colonial culture which involves cultural imposition, adoption, and resistance in Lynne Kutsukake�s The Translation of Love. This novel depicts postwar Japanese society that lives under American power after the end of World War II while undergo kyodatsu (the period of an economic, social and moral crisis caused by the war). This paper is a qualitative research that utilizes three theories, including cultural imposition, mimicry and symbolic resistance. The finding, shows the devaluation of Japanese cultural identity which used to oppose the claim of �otherness� by the West. In cultural imposition, the United States manages to impose American ideology, language, lifestyle, customs and fashion through various ways such as media, social interaction, social obligation and school curriculum. Meanwhile, in cultural adoption, postwar Japanese adopt American cultures in which it asserts that there is a shift of postwar Japanese cultural orientation that tends to celebrate American culture as a �sign of liberation�. Then, in symbolic resistance, postwar Japanese resistance toward the United States as the occupying power is only manifested in subversive everyday gestures which include covert and overt form. In short, this analysis shows that, during U.S. occupation, postwar Japan only becomes �a pawn� in the United States� postwar plan for global dominance by rebuilding a new Japanese society under American influence.

Paul Rusch in Postwar Japan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew T. McDonald ◽  
Verlaine Stoner McDonald
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Military Service ◽  
The United States ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
Pacific War ◽  
Prisoner Of War ◽  
Allied Occupation ◽  
Postwar Japan ◽  
Intelligence Officer

This book describes the remarkable life of Paul Rusch, a Kentuckian who went to Japan after the Great Kanto Earthquake. Rusch embarked on an unlikely journey from a YMCA worker to college instructor, missionary, prisoner of war, and military intelligence officer, ultimately founding Seisen-Ryo lodge and the Kiyosato Educational Experiment Project (KEEP) in Kiyosato, Japan. Through KEEP, Rusch introduced new agricultural methods and technology to highland Japan, endeavoring to help feed an impoverished region in the postwar era. Credited with introducing American-style football to Japan, Rusch was also instrumental in recruiting Japanese Americans (Nisei) for military service during World War II. As an army intelligence officer during the Allied Occupation of Japan, Rusch gathered evidence employed to absolve Emperor Hirohito of responsibility for the Pacific War. Rusch used his vast social network in Japan to acquire evidence of a Communist espionage ring in Japan led by the spymaster Richard Sorge, a development that affected the anti-Communist policies of Occupied Japan and McCarthy-era politics in the United States. Rusch’s dreams of evangelizing Japan did not come to fruition, but, despite some failures, Paul Rusch’s memory has endured into the twenty-first century, inspiring Japanese and Americans to foster cultural exchange, environmental sustainability, and international peace.

Sexual Diplomacy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiko Takeuchi-Demirci
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Population Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
World War ◽  
Postwar Japan ◽  
Catholic Organizations ◽  
American Catholic ◽  
The Cold War

This chapter demonstrates how transnational religious networks, racial tensions, and competing sexual norms affected official policies during social and political changes in postwar Japan and the United States. Following World War II, U.S. intellectuals and political leaders feared that an overpopulated Japan posed a racial and ideological threat to global stability. Attributing Japan’s military expansionism during World War II to its high fertility, U.S. officials and scholars in Occupied Japan considered population control—primarily through the use of contraceptives—as vital to Japan’s peaceful recovery and transformation into a democratized ally. Against the backdrop of the Cold War and a growing Holocaust consciousness, American Catholic protesters raised the specters of genocide and imperialism to call attention to the eugenic ideas infiltrating the Anglo-Protestant mission to fight “overpopulation” in Japan and other parts of the developing world. American Catholic priests, Catholic organizations, and the Catholic press in Japan effectively used transnational networks to stymie what they saw as the rapid degeneration of sexual morals caused by the spread of contraceptives. The religious-inspired controversy over birth control policies in Japan was, for American Catholics, ultimately an interreligious American battle over the politics of procreation, sexual morality, and a national-racial future.

Confluencia geopolítica entre Cárdenas y Roosevelt:

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-254
Author(s):  
Andreu Espasa
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Alliance ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The New Deal

De forma un tanto paradójica, a finales de los años treinta, las relaciones entre México y Estados Unidos sufrieron uno de los momentos de máxima tensión, para pasar, a continuación, a experimentar una notable mejoría, alcanzando el cénit en la alianza política y militar sellada durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El episodio catalizador de la tensión y posterior reconciliación fue, sin duda, el conflicto diplomático planteado tras la nacionalización petrolera de 1938. De entre los factores que propiciaron la solución pacífica y negociada al conflicto petrolero, el presente artículo se centra en analizar dos fenómenos del momento. En primer lugar, siguiendo un orden de relevancia, se examina el papel que tuvo la Guerra Civil Española. Aunque las posturas de ambos gobiernos ante el conflicto español fueron sustancialmente distintas, las interpretaciones y las lecciones sobre sus posibles consecuencias permitieron un mayor entendimiento entre los dos países vecinos. En segundo lugar, también se analizarán las afinidades ideológicas entre el New Deal y el cardenismo en el contexto de la crisis mundial económica y política de los años treinta, con el fin de entender su papel lubricante en las relaciones bilaterales de la época. Somewhat paradoxically, at the end of the 1930s, the relationship between Mexico and the United States experienced one of its tensest moments, after which it dramatically improved, reaching its zenith in the political and military alliance cemented during World War II. The catalyst for this tension and subsequent reconciliation was, without doubt, the diplomatic conflict that arose after the oil nationalization of 1938. Of the various factors that led to a peaceful negotiated solution to the oil conflict, this article focuses on analyzing two phenomena. Firstly—in order of importance—this article examines the role that the Spanish Civil War played. Although the positions of both governments in relation to the Spanish war were significantly different, the interpretations and lessons concerning potential consequences enabled a greater understanding between the two neighboring countries. Secondly, this article also analyzes the ideological affinities between the New Deal and Cardenismo in the context of the global economic and political crisis of the thirties, seeking to understand their role in facilitating bilateral relations during that period.

THE IMPACT OF WORLD WAR II ON COST ACCOUNTING AT THE SPERRY CORPORATION

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Fleischman ◽  
R. Penny Marquette
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Performance Management ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Contractors ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Cost Awareness ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
The U.S

The impact of World War II on cost accountancy in the U.S. may be viewed as a double-edged sword. Its most positive effect was engendering greater cost awareness, particularly among companies that served as military contractors and, thus, had to make full representation to contracting agencies for reimbursement. On the negative side, the dislocations of war, especially shortages in the factors of production and capacity constraints, meant that such “scientific management” techniques as existed (standard costing, time-study, specific detailing of task routines) fell by the wayside. This paper utilizes the archive of the Sperry Corporation, a leading governmental contractor, to chart the firm's accounting during World War II. It is concluded that any techniques that had developed from Taylorite principles were suspended, while methods similar to contemporary performance management, such as subcontracting, emphasis on the design phase of products, and substantial expenditure on research and development, flourished.

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