scholarly journals Our shifting perspectives on the oceans

Oryx ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Callum M. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
The Past ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Marine Megafauna ◽  
New Research

In the last 15 years new research findings have radically reshaped our understanding of human effects on ocean ecosystems. Here I describe five major shifts in perspective that reveal our impacts to be more severe and persistent than previously appreciated. Firstly, scientists have delved deep into the past and found that the global expansion of European nations across the planet caused the large-scale loss of marine megafauna. In the past century, expansion of industrial scale fishing has continued the process, massively reducing the biomass of exploited species. Secondly, once depleted we are finding that populations rarely rebound rapidly, contrary to a widespread belief in greater resilience of marine compared to terrestrial species. Thirdly, marine ecosystems are being shifted into alternative states that are less desirable from the human perspective and may be stable. It could be difficult, or impossible in some cases, to reverse impacts once inflicted. Fourthly, marine species are at risk of extinction. Loss of shallow water marine habitats is proceeding as rapidly as on land, many species have small geographic ranges, and many possess life history characteristics that leave them highly susceptible to overexploitation. Finally, the deep sea is not beyond harm. Depletion of shallow water fisheries and technological advances are opening up the deep to exploitation and its collateral impacts. If we are to reverse these negative trends we must establish large-scale networks of marine reserves that are off limits to damaging activities and fishing. Such reserves would protect biodiversity, and recover and sustain the world's fisheries productivity.

Catholicism and Cosmopolitanism: the Confluence of Three Catholic Scholars and the Cosmopolitan Democrats on State Sovereignty and the Future of Global Governance

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Matthew Bagot
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Jacques Maritain ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cosmopolitan Democracy ◽  
Catholic Tradition

One of the central questions in international relations today is how we should conceive of state sovereignty. The notion of sovereignty—’supreme authority within a territory’, as Daniel Philpott defines it—emerged after the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 as a result of which the late medieval crisis of pluralism was settled. But recent changes in the international order, such as technological advances that have spurred globalization and the emerging norm of the Responsibility to Protect, have cast the notion of sovereignty into an unclear light. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the current debate regarding sovereignty by exploring two schools of thought on the matter: first, three Catholic scholars from the past century—Luigi Sturzo, Jacques Maritain, and John Courtney Murray, S.J.—taken as representative of Catholic tradition; second, a number of contemporary political theorists of cosmopolitan democracy. The paper argues that there is a confluence between the Catholic thinkers and the cosmopolitan democrats regarding their understanding of state sovereignty and that, taken together, the two schools have much to contribute not only to our current understanding of sovereignty, but also to the future of global governance.

Genetic maps of the proximal half of chromosome arm 2L of Drosophila melanogaster

Genome ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Glen Levine ◽  
Suchot Sunday ◽  
Ruth E. Dörig ◽  
Beat Suter ◽  
Paul Lasko
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Proximal Half ◽  
Chromosome Arm ◽  
Physiologic Function ◽  
Complementation Groups

Drosophila mutants have played an important role in elucidating the physiologic function of genes. Large-scale projects have succeeded in producing mutations in a large proportion of Drosophila genes. Many mutant fly lines have also been produced through the efforts of individual laboratories over the past century. In an effort to make some of these mutants more useful to the research community, we systematically mapped a large number of mutations affecting genes in the proximal half of chromosome arm 2L to more precisely defined regions, defined by deficiency intervals, and, when possible, by individual complementation groups. To further analyze regions 36 and 39–40, we produced 11 new deficiencies with gamma irradiation, and we constructed 6 new deficiencies in region 30–33, using the DrosDel system. trans-heterozygous combinations of deficiencies revealed 5 additional functions, essential for viability or fertility.

The historical evolution of transsphenoidal surgery: facilitation by technological advances

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. E8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chirag D. Gandhi ◽  
Lana D. Christiano ◽  
Jean Anderson Eloy ◽  
Charles J. Prestigiacomo ◽  
Kalmon D. Post
Keyword(s):  
Transsphenoidal Surgery ◽  
Intraoperative Imaging ◽  
Pituitary Surgery ◽  
Early History ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Surgical Microscope ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
History Of

Over the past century, pituitary surgery has undergone multiple evolutions in surgical technique and technological advancements that have resulted in what practitioners now recognize as modern transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). Although the procedure is now well established in current neurosurgical literature, the historical maze that led to its development continues to be of interest because it allows a better appreciation of the unique contributions by the pioneers of the technique, and of the innovative spirit that continues to fuel neurosurgery. The early events in the history of TSS have already been well documented. This paper therefore summarizes the major early transitions along the timeline, and then further concentrates on some of the more recent advancements in TSS, such as the surgical microscope, fluoroscopy, endoscopy, intraoperative imaging, and frameless guidance. The account of each of these innovations is unique because they were each developed as a response to certain historical needs by the surgeon. An understanding of these more recent contributions, coupled with the early history, provides a more complete perspective on modern TSS.

scholarly journals What is Causing the Worldwide Rise in Body Weight?

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin P Shook ◽  
Steven N Blair ◽  
John Duperly ◽  
Gregory A Hand ◽  
Sandra M Matsudo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Critical Energy ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
And Shifts

The worldwide rise in body weight has reached epidemic proportions and this has serious public health consequences. Despite the universal recognition of this problem, its causes are still debated: some attribute it to excess caloric intake; others blame a lack of physical activity (PA); some implicate specific changes to micro- and macro-nutrients. During the past century, government health agencies have developed guidance on healthy eating. These, along with advances in agriculture and food manufacturing, have largely eliminated nutrient deficiencies and helped reduce the consumption of fat. Over the past 60 years, however, technological advances and shifts in the types of occupations prominent in industrialized as well as developing countries have resulted in well-documented decreases in energy expenditure. Energy intake must be balanced with energy expenditure in order to prevent weight gain, and there is increasing evidence that this balance must be at a relatively high level of energy flux. A program that was started in São Paulo in 1996 known as ‘Agita’ has sought to motivate populations to engage in small amounts of physical exercise daily to tackle growing obesity levels. This multi-agency initiative is one example of how to successfully increase exercise within a community and scale both within (e.g. all states in Brazil) and across many nations. Reducing caloric intake in whole populations is challenging especially at relatively low levels of energy expenditure, and evidence suggests that there is a critical energy flux threshold for regulating intake to achieve energy balance. Increasing PA, however, may be more achievable than reducing intake. Activity raises caloric expenditure and can offset excess intake. The implementation of programs to achieve greater PA is therefore vital if the worldwide rise in body weight is to be halted, while we also need to implement programs to help people eat smarter.

scholarly journals Black Sea Region Security, Cyber Warfare, and New Technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 2(15)/2020 (2(15)/2020) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Thornike Zelelashvili
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
New Research

In the wake of technological advances, cyber-attacks are becoming more dangerous, becoming a part of everyday life and an element of all conventional warfare. For Black Sea countries as well as the rest of the world, security is paramount. In discussing the issue, we must analyse the opportunities that the countries of the Black Sea basin have, first of all, the threats posed by Russia. This unpredictable state is carrying out the occupation of territories, military aggression, and large-scale cyber-attacks in this region, which is not a guarantee of peace and security. Russia is trying to influence almost the whole world and especially the Black Sea region – Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Georgia with large-scale cyber-hacking attacks and continuous disinformation fake news. Against the background of cyberattacks and misinformation propaganda, it is difficult to determine what kind of safe environment can be created in this region. This requires new research, recommendations, scientific papers, defence strategies. Cooperation with the EU and NATO needs to be strengthened. Following the Warsaw Summit, the Euro-Atlantic Alliance enacted Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, that is, the principle of ‘collective defence’ in terms of cyber warfare, cyber-attacks, and cyberterrorism. The topic discusses the cybersecurity issues and defence mechanisms of the countries of the Black Sea region, as well as the ongoing processes in the field of cybersecurity in this region. The paper discusses the threats and risks posed by Russia in the field of cybersecurity, as well as its impact on world politics.

scholarly journals De-schooling Well-being: Toward a Learning-Oriented Definition

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Rincón-Gallardo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Global South ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Compulsory Schooling ◽  
Robust Learning ◽  
The Past ◽  
Grammar Of Schooling

Purpose: (1) Critique conventional schooling as detrimental to student well-being and learning. (2) Articulate an alternative that is more conducive to learning and well-being in classrooms, schools, and educational systems. Design/Approach/Methods: I review the historical functions of compulsory schooling, the main critiques to conventional schooling developed over the past century, emerging knowledge on the neuroscience of learning and well-being, and cases of large-scale pedagogical transformation from the Global South. Findings: I argue that conventional schooling is detrimental to well-being, that deep learning is a precursor of well-being, and that compulsory schooling is not designed to cultivate it. Well-being has to be de-schooled so that students thrive in schools: The grammar of schooling has to be replaced with the language of learning. This requires deep and widespread cultural change, and some movements of pedagogical renewal from the Global South offer important lessons on how to accomplish this. Originality/Value: Expanding the scope of existing debates about student well-being by questioning the assumption that compulsory schooling is inherently good and pointing out that unless the default culture of schooling is replaced with cultures of robust learning, student well-being efforts will simply reproduce the very problems they seek to solve.

Progress in the discovery of extant and fossil bryozoans

2020 ◽  
Vol 635 ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Pagès-Escolà ◽  
PE Bock ◽  
DP Gordon ◽  
S Wilson ◽  
C Linares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Relative Productivity ◽  
Species Descriptions

The number of species that exist on Earth has been an intriguing question in ecology and evolution. For marine species, previous works have analysed trends in the discovery of extant species, without comparison to the fossil record. Here, we compared the rate of description between extant and fossil species of the same group of marine invertebrates, Bryozoa. There are nearly 3 times as many described fossil species as there are extant species. This indicates that current biodiversity represents only a small proportion of Earth’s past biodiversity, at least for Bryozoa. Despite these differences, our results showed similar trends in the description of new species between extant and fossil groups. There has been an increase in taxonomic effort during the past century, characterized by an increase in the number of taxonomists, but no change in their relative productivity (i.e. similar proportions of authors described most species). The 20th century had the most species described per author, reflecting increased effort in exploration and technological developments. Despite this progress, future projections in the discovery of bryozoan species predict that around 10 and 20% more fossil and extant species than named species, respectively, will be discovered by 2100, representing 2430 and 1350 more fossil and extant species, respectively. This highlights the continued need for both new species descriptions and taxonomic revisions, as well as ecological and biogeographical research, to better understand the biodiversity of Bryozoa.

Biological Resources

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Rayfuse
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
International Law ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Biological Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Regulatory Measures ◽  
Trade Control

In the past century, a large number of bilateral, regional, and global agreements have been adopted relating to the protection, preservation, conservation, and management of the Earth's terrestrial and marine species and genetic resources. Despite the vast amount of international law relating to the conservation of biological resources, species, habitat, and genetic diversity loss is now considered to be reaching crisis proportions, with potentially catastrophic consequences for humankind. This article examines the current international legal regime for the protection of the Earth's biological resources. It begins with a discussion of the meaning of the term ‘biological resources’, the philosophical rationales for their protection, and the theoretical approaches thereto. The article then examines the various legal regimes and regulatory measures that have been adopted. The types of regimes for the conservation of biological resources include the regulation of harvest (harvest of species and genetic resources), habitat protection, and regulation of trade (control of exploitation and introduction of alien or invasive species). The article also considers measures regulating direct threats and indirect threats.

scholarly journals What is Causing the Worldwide Rise in Body Weight?

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin P Shook ◽  
Steven N Blair ◽  
John Duperly ◽  
Gregory A Hand ◽  
Sandra M Matsudo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Critical Energy ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
And Shifts

The worldwide rise in body weight has reached epidemic proportions and this has serious public health consequences. Despite the universal recognition of this problem, its causes are still debated: some attribute it to excess caloric intake; others blame a lack of physical activity (PA); some implicate specific changes to micro- and macro-nutrients. During the past century, government health agencies have developed guidance on healthy eating. These, along with advances in agriculture and food manufacturing, have largely eliminated nutrient deficiencies and helped reduce the consumption of fat. Over the past 60 years, however, technological advances and shifts in the types of occupations prominent in industrialised as well as developing countries have resulted in well-documented decreases in energy expenditure. Energy intake must be balanced with energy expenditure in order to prevent weight gain, and there is increasing evidence that this balance must be at a relatively high level of energy flux. A programme that was started in São Paulo in 1996 known as ‘Agita’ has sought to motivate populations to engage in small amounts of physical exercise daily to tackle growing obesity levels. This multi-agency initiative is one example of how to successfully increase exercise within a community and scale both within (e.g. all states in Brazil) and across many nations. Reducing caloric intake in whole populations is challenging especially at relatively low levels of energy expenditure, and evidence suggests that there is a critical energy flux threshold for regulating intake to achieve energy balance. Increasing PA, however, may be more achievable than reducing intake. Activity raises caloric expenditure and can offset excess intake. The implementation of programmes to achieve greater PA is therefore vital if the worldwide rise in body weight is to be halted, while we also need to implement programmes to help people eat smarter.

The Triumph of Theological Economics

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-50
Author(s):  
Adrian Johnston ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Past Century ◽  
Human History ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Theological Economics ◽  
Bear Witness

Both Marx and Freud are children of the Enlightenment in certain manners. As such, they each display a qualified but firm optimism about history inevitably making progress in specific desirable directions. Freud predicts that continuing scientific and technological advances eventually will drive religiosity from human societies once and for all. Marx likewise forecasts the withering away of religions. Moreover, he treats this predicted process as symptomatic of even more fundamental socioeconomic developments, namely, his (in)famous anticipations of subsequent transitions to socialism and communism. However, the past century of human history has not been kind to any sort of Enlightenment-style progress narratives. My intervention on this occasion takes inspiration especially from Lacan’s reckoning with a “triumph of religion” defying Freud’s expectations of relentlessly broadening and deepening secularization. I argue that socio-political phenomena of the past several decades bear witness to religious superstructures having infused themselves into economic infrastructures.

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