The parasitology of human scabies (women and children)

Parasitology ◽  
1944 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Bartley ◽  
Kenneth Mellanby
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Parasite Rate ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Women And Children

In a previous paper (Johnson & Mellanby, 1942) an account was given of the numbers ot adult female Sarcoptes and their distribution in 886 cases of scabies. These cases were all adult males and it was desired to complete the study by a similar analysis of the parasitic infection in women and children. The following is an account of the numbers and distribution of mites in 119 women and eighteen children. Owing to the small number of children these figures are only suggestive. As described in the previous paper the mites are first located with the help of a watchmaker's lens and the parasite is then extracted with a mounted needle. Only adult females are extracted. The number of parasites per case is called ‘the parasite rate’.

Spatial variability in the social organisation of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) near Ravenshoe, north Queensland

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross L. Goldingay ◽  
Darren G. Quin ◽  
Sue Churchill
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Social System ◽  
Dominant Male ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
The Social ◽  
Natal Home ◽  
Petaurus Australis

A detailed study was conducted over a 12-month period of 10 yellow-bellied glider groups at Nitchaga Creek in north Queensland. Adult gliders were sexually dimorphic in body size and were characterised by yellow ventral fur, which is consistent with southern populations. Gliders lived in groups of 3–6 individuals that occupied exclusive areas of about 50 ha. The structure of glider groups varied enormously: five contained one adult pair, three contained one adult male and 2–3 adult females, and two initially contained 2–3 adult males and one adult female but then persisted as bachelor groups after the death or disappearance of the adult female. Group size changed during the year as offspring matured and as individuals died. One male glider dispersed about 1 km from its natal home-range and became the dominant male in a nearby group. Young were born throughout the year, with a peak in the number of pouch-young in June. This study has confirmed the highly variable social system of the yellow-bellied glider, which appears to be mediated by local resource abundance.

Parasitism of the commercial sand crab Portunus pelagicus (L.) by the rhizocephalan Sacculina granifera Boschma, 1973 in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
WD Sumpton ◽  
MA Potter ◽  
GS Smith
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Portunus Pelagicus ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Moreton Bay ◽  
Adult Females

In Moreton Bay, Queensland, externae of Sacculina granifera Boschma were found in 7.0% of adult males and 123% of adult females of Portunus pelagicus. Infection rates were seasonal for both sexes and higher in the adult female population, with more than 20% of adult females carrying externae during some summer months. Infection rates were less than 3% in areas outside the bay and generally highest in the southern and central bay. Nineteen males and 15 females had abdominal scars where externae had become dislodged. The gonads of most parasitized crabs were underdeveloped, but 5.6% of externa-bearing females and 10% of externa-bearing males also had well developed gonads. Two female sand crabs were found with both a small egg mass and a mature externa (a condition not previously reported). Size distributions of infected and uninfected adult crabs were similar, suggesting that large crabs as well as juvenile crabs were likely to be infected.

Changes in the Relationships of Captive Rhesus Monkeys On Giving Birth

Behaviour ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 61 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 304-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Hinde ◽  
Linda Powell Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Female Rhesus ◽  
The Times ◽  
Relative Preferences ◽  
Unrelated Adult

AbstractI) Relationships between captive adult female rhesus monkeys were assessed for 6 weeks before and 20 weeks after birth in terms of proximity, approaches and leavings, grooming and agonistic interactions. 2) Before the births, the mothers-to-be spent more time with (and more time grooming with) related than with unrelated individuals. Responsibility for proximity with unrelated adult females to whom the mother was dominant lay primarily with the mother, but where the other female was subordinate it might lie with either party. Mothers-to-be tended to groom adult females dominant to themselves more than they were groomed by them, and vice versa. 3) Differences between the times that mothers-to-be spent near members of different age/sex/rank classes could not be accounted for in terms of generalizations describing preferences of the mothers for members of those classes nor relative preferences of them for her. 4) After the births, members of all age/sex/rank classes tended to be near (and to groom) mothers more when the infants were on the mothers than when they were off but near her, and to be near the mother more when the infants were off but near than when the infants were off and distant from the mother. Proximity between mother and others tended to become more independent of the position of the baby as it developed. 5) Differences between age/sex/rank classes in time spent near the mother after birth were generally similar to those found before birth. The index for the mother's role in maintaining proximity was predominantly negative. 6) All age/sex/rank categories tended to be near the mother less after the birth than before, especially when the infant was off its mother. The differences disappeared with time. Adult males tended to groom the mother less, and adult females to groom her more, than before birth. 7) Changes in proximity between mother and other from before to after birth can be understood in terms of an increase in the attraction of others to mother and a decrease in mothers' affinity for others.

Antennoseius (Vitzthumia) janus n.sp. (Acari: Ascidae), a mesostigmatic mite exhibiting adult female dimorphism

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 1291-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evert E. Lindquist ◽  
David Evans Walter
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
As Species ◽  
Single Animal ◽  
The Impact

All instars of Antennoseius janus n.sp are described. Adult females occur as two distinct morphs, a nondispersing female with granular soft integument, barbed dorsal setae, emarginated opisthonotal shield, and fully developed sternal shield, and a dispersing female with smooth soft integument, nearly smooth dorsal setae, entire opisthonotal shield, and reduced sternal shield. Granular morph females begin egg production within 3 days of mating; however, smooth morph females delay reproduction for many weeks, apparently to disperse. Adult males and immatures have a granular soft integument and barbed setae similar to the granular morph females. Females produced in single animal or low density cultures (less than six individuals per culture) with excess food are granular morphs, whereas in more crowded cultures 5–100% of the maturing females are smooth morphs. This is the first example of adult female dimorphism confirmed experimentally for any family of mites in the entire order Mesostigmata of the Acari. The impact of this phenomenon on taxonomic concepts in the genus Antennoseius is discussed. A key is included, which distinguishes between the genera Anystipalpus Berlese, 1911 and Antennoseius Berlese, 1916, between the subgenera Antennoseius s.str. and Vitzthumia Thor, 1930, and between the seven forms of Vitzthumia currently regarded as species. All instars of A. janus are voracious predators of nematodes and small arthropods. Development from egg to adult takes 9–11 days on a diet of rhabditid nematodes at 23 °C. Generation time for granular morph females is about 14 days. Females require insemination before eggs can be laid, and the sex ratio is about 1 male: 1.3 females.

Population dynamics of a thelastomatid nematode of cockroaches

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zervos
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Juvenile Males

SummaryBlatticola monandros Zervos lives in the hind gut of the endemic New Zealand cockroach Parellipsidion pachycercum Johns. A field survey showed that infection prevalence was high (54 %) in small nymphs and increased further with cockroach size to a maximum (92 %) in penultimate nymphs. Variance to mean ratios and the Chi-square test for goodness of fit of a Poisson distribution provide strong evidence that the distribution of the nematode was not clumped (over-dispersed) or Poisson (random) but under-dispersed in most host size classes. The modal infrapopulation type consisted of 1 adult male and 1 adult female. Other infrapopulations were transitional to this type. Monogamous infrapopulations increased in prevalence with increased host size. Juvenile males were uncommon and probably develop faster into adults than juvenile females. Infrapopulations with 2 juvenile males were very rare and no cockroach contained 2 adult males, although some contained 2 adult females. Seasonal variations in prevalence and infrapopulation structure were slight over a 3 year period, except during one unusually dry summer. During the drought, prevalence of monogamous infrapopulations and of transitional infrapopulations were lowest, while prevalence of single-worm and single-sex infrapopulations were greatest. It is evident that competition between females reduces fecundity. When only 1 adult female nematode is present in an adult cockroach, more eggs are produced than the total produced if 2 adult females are present. Eggs were produced cyclically with short periods of high egg production interspersed with several days of very low or no egg production. Most eggs produced on any one day were attached to the outer surface of only 1 of the up-to-6 faecal pellets produced by the host/day. Mechanisms which may regulate infrapopulations and control reproductive competition and cyclical egg production are discussed. It is suggested that B. monandros regulates its own infrapopulation.

Characteristics of resident and wandering prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 951-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy G Solomon ◽  
Joseph J Jacquot
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
Microtus Ochrogaster ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Prairie Voles ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Field Season

Many studies have documented intraspecific differences in the behavior of males or females. In some species, many adults are territorial while others have larger home ranges encompassing multiple territories. Although these two types of behavior have been documented, they are not well understood in mammals. Therefore, in the mono gamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) we characterized individuals that engage in these two behavior patterns as residents and wanderers. We monitored populations enclosed in 0.1-ha. enclosures at Miami University's Ecology Research Center. As many as 26% of animals were wanderers: animals captured frequently, but less than 75% of the time, at one nest. As expected, wanderers had larger home ranges than residents. Wanderers were primarily adult males (70%) but included some adult females. This behavior pattern was not fixed, since some wanderers previously had been residents and at least 31% of males and 57% of adult female wanderers became residents during the same field season. Wanderers were not in worse physical condition, as estimated by body mass, and survived for slightly longer than residents. Thus, it does not appear that wanderers are making the best of a bad situation, but analysis of parentage is critical to validate this conclusion.

Mother Monkeys' (Macaca Nemestrina) Responses to Infant Vocalizations

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald C. Simons ◽  
Ruth A. Bobbitt ◽  
Gordon D. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Macaca Nemestrina ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Infant Vocalizations

2 mother monkeys ( Macaca nemestrina) separated from their infants, 2 adult females without young and 2 adult males were studied to determine activity (pacing) and vocalization in response to taped monkey calls. Stimulus tapes were prepared from two different calls of each of the two infant monkeys and a call of an adult female monkey. Mother monkeys separated from their infants were always more active and vocal than either non-mother female monkeys or males, and their activity and response vocalizations increased during presentations of infant calls. There was no evidence that mothers responded differentially to the calls of their own infants.

Host relationships of Ixodes arvicolae Warburton on the Scilly Isles

Parasitology ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Rood ◽  
E. T. Burtt
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Apodemus Sylvaticus ◽  
Microtus Agrestis ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
King's College ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Host Relationships ◽  
The University ◽  
Newcastle Upon Tyne

Ixodes arvicolae Warburton was collected at 2-monthly intervals from January 1961 to August 1962 on a total of 226 Apodemus sylvaticus and 264 Crocidura suaveolens cassiteridum in the Scilly Isles. Twenty-one adult females (out of a total forty-two ticks) were found on Apodemus and one adult female (out of a total 106 ticks) on Crocidura. No adult males were found. Ticks were collected from the hosts throughout the year, but in Crocidura there was a suggestion of greater frequency for larvae during the summer. I. arvicolae was also found on Mus musculus in the Scilly Isles and on Microtus agrestis in Cornwall.We wish to thank Professor D. R. Arthur of King's College, University of London, for identification of the ticks involved in this study, and Dr Alec Milne of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne for helpful criticism of the manuscript.

A new species of the scale insect genus Newsteadia Green (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Ortheziidae) from China

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4981 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-505
Author(s):  
XINYI ZHENG ◽  
JICHUN XING
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Identification Keys ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
The World ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Insect Family

Members of the scale insect family Ortheziidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) occur all over the world but these small, delicate insects are difficult to find. The largest genus in the Ortheziidae is Newsteadia Green. Previous studies have recorded four species of Newsteadia in China. This study describes and illustrates the adult female, male, prepupal male, and first-, second- and third-instar nymphs of a fifth species, Newsteadia fanjingensis sp. n., from Guizhou Province, China, collected above 2000 m altitude under thick moss on the bark of Acer sp. Identification keys are provided to the adult females of Newsteadia species known in China, and the adult males known worldwide. 

The development of symptoms, parasitic infection and immunity in human scabies

Parasitology ◽  
1944 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Mellanby
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Mite Population ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Parasite Rate ◽  
First Time ◽  
High Parasite ◽  
Antibody Function ◽  
Partial Immunity

1. Scabies is usually transmitted by intimate personal contact.2. The young, newly fertilized adult female Sarcoptes is the stage usually responsible for transmission.3. Patients with a high parasite rate (over 100 adult female mites) are much more likely to spread scabies than those with few parasites.4. The distribution of the parasites in clinical scabies gives no clue to the original sites of infection.5. When a volunteer is infected for the first time he gives no reaction for about a month. During this period he may be quite unaware that the parasites are burrowing in his cuticle.6. After a month the patient becomes sensitized, itching and other symptoms develop.7. In a first infection the mites increase in numbers far less rapidly than is theoretically possible. A parasite rate of about 25 may be reached in 50 days and of up to 500 in 100 days; after this the number of mites decreases rapidly.8. The second time an individual has scabies he itches at the sites of infection within 24 hr. His mite population seldom rises to a fraction of the height reached in his first infection.9. Reinfection of cured cases is much more difficult than infection for the first time.10. Sarcoptes causes antibody function in man. This causes a partial immunity.11. The mechanism of immunity is due to three reactions: (a) scratching by the host which removes the parasites mechanically; (b) oedema renders the cuticle unsuitable for colonization and causes the mites to vacate their burrows; (c) scratching produces sepsis which is fatal to Sarcoptes.12. The partial immunity obtained may account for fluctuations in the incidence of the disease.

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