Malaria Situation in The South Kalimantan Province, 2010–2018

Background: Malaria has caused high morbidity and mortality rates and has decreased the productivity of human resources and national development. Malaria is endemic in several districts in South Kalimantan. Purpose: This study aims to describe the malaria situation in South Kalimantan by examining the malaria cases, Case Fatality Rate (CFR), Annual Parasite Incidence (API), and Slide Parasite Rate (SPR) in the South Kalimantan Province during the period of 2010–2018. Method: This research was a descriptive study with the South Kalimantan population, who were at risk of getting malaria. This study adopted a total participation technique and included all the cases of malaria recorded in the electronic- Surveillance Information System of Malaria (e-SISMAL) data of South Kalimantan province in the period 2010–2018. The study used secondary data from the South Kalimantan Provincial Health Office during 2010–2018. The data included the number of malaria cases, morbidity, and the mortality rate of malaria. The data collected was analyzed using CFR, API, and the SPR formulae. Results: The number of malaria cases in South Kalimantan from 2010 to 2018 fluctuated. The highest number of malaria cases occurred in 2011, while a decreasing trend was observed up to 2018. At the same time, the number of deaths during 2012–2018 increased. The death rate from 2010–2018 decreased in South Kalimantan. Conclusion: The number of cases as well as deaths caused due to malaria in South Kalimantan continues to decrease. By 2025, all districts in South Kalimantan could be free from malaria.

PREVALENSI HELMINTIASIS PADA SISWA KELAS 1 – 6 SEKOLAH DASAR MANYAR SABRANGAN SURABAYA TAHUN 2020

Worming diseases are still a public health problem in Indonesia. This infection is still often found in cases in Southheast which is in Indonesia. Factors the geographical location on Indonesia,Which has a tropical climate and sufficient humidity, is very supportive for the development of parasites. Primary school age is a group that is often exposed to helminthiasis because is is often assosiated with soil contaminated with worm egg.This study aims to determine the prevalence of worm egg parasitic infections in the feses of student in grade 1 to grade 6 of the manyar sabrangan 231 surabaya elementary school in 2020.The research sample was faeses of grade student 1 – 6 Manyar Elementary school 231 Surabaya.Identification of worm eggs is carried out in E – Labz Telcomedika Surabaya Elementary. Data taken in the form of parasitic worm eggs based on morphological characteristics.From the result of study found in 240 elementary scholl children examined, as many as 29 children (12,1 %) positive for helminthiasis, with parasite rate of 18 children (7,5%) Ascaris lumbricoides, 7 children (2,92%) Trichiuris trichiura. The conclusion of this study, helminthiasis of student in grade 1 to grade 6 of the Manyar Sabrangan Surabaya Elementary School were found ,namely Ascaris lumbricoides,Trichiuris trichiura

Modelling and mapping the intra-urban spatial distribution of Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate using very-high-resolution satellite derived indicators

Background The rapid and often uncontrolled rural–urban migration in Sub-Saharan Africa is transforming urban landscapes expected to provide shelter for more than 50% of Africa’s population by 2030. Consequently, the burden of malaria is increasingly affecting the urban population, while socio-economic inequalities within the urban settings are intensified. Few studies, relying mostly on moderate to high resolution datasets and standard predictive variables such as building and vegetation density, have tackled the topic of modeling intra-urban malaria at the city extent. In this research, we investigate the contribution of very-high-resolution satellite-derived land-use, land-cover and population information for modeling the spatial distribution of urban malaria prevalence across large spatial extents. As case studies, we apply our methods to two Sub-Saharan African cities, Kampala and Dar es Salaam. Methods Openly accessible land-cover, land-use, population and OpenStreetMap data were employed to spatially model Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate standardized to the age group 2–10 years (PfPR2–10) in the two cities through the use of a Random Forest (RF) regressor. The RF models integrated physical and socio-economic information to predict PfPR2–10 across the urban landscape. Intra-urban population distribution maps were used to adjust the estimates according to the underlying population. Results The results suggest that the spatial distribution of PfPR2–10 in both cities is diverse and highly variable across the urban fabric. Dense informal settlements exhibit a positive relationship with PfPR2–10 and hotspots of malaria prevalence were found near suitable vector breeding sites such as wetlands, marshes and riparian vegetation. In both cities, there is a clear separation of higher risk in informal settlements and lower risk in the more affluent neighborhoods. Additionally, areas associated with urban agriculture exhibit higher malaria prevalence values. Conclusions The outcome of this research highlights that populations living in informal settlements show higher malaria prevalence compared to those in planned residential neighborhoods. This is due to (i) increased human exposure to vectors, (ii) increased vector density and (iii) a reduced capacity to cope with malaria burden. Since informal settlements are rapidly expanding every year and often house large parts of the urban population, this emphasizes the need for systematic and consistent malaria surveys in such areas. Finally, this study demonstrates the importance of remote sensing as an epidemiological tool for mapping urban malaria variations at large spatial extents, and for promoting evidence-based policy making and control efforts.

Prevalence of Gastro-Intestinal Parasites of Horse (Equus Caballus Linnaeus, 1758) In Seven Village Development Committee of Rukum District, Nepal

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites of horse in seven Village Development Committee (VDC) of Rukum district. It was carried out from March to November 2016. A total of 105 fecal samples of horses (79 males and 26 females) were collected by using opportunistic random method. The collected fecal samples were preserved in 2.5% potassium dichromate and microscopically examined using concentration techniques. The overall prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites was 84.76% (89/105). The total number of genera observed during fecal examination was 12. Among them, Strongylus sp. showed the highest prevalence (51.42%) followed by Eimeria sp. (20%), Trichostrongylus sp. (14.28%), Trichonema sp. (13.33%), Parascaris equorum (10.47%), Balantidium sp. (9.52%), Dictyocaulus sp. (8.57%), Triodontophorus sp. (7.61%), Gastrodiscus sp. (6.66%), Oxyuris equi (4.76%), Entamoeba sp. (3.80%), Shistosoma sp. (1.90%) and unidentified nematode larvae (7.61%). Three genera of parasites; Shistosoma sp., Triodontophorus sp. and Dictyocaulus sp. have been reported for the first time in horses of Nepal. Present study showed higher infection rate in females (92.30%) than in male horses (82.27%). No significant association was observed between the prevalence of parasite rate with VDC (χ2 = 5.7161; p>0.05) and sex of animals (χ2 = 0.3346; p>0.05).Journal of Institute of Science and Technology Volume 22, Issue 2, January 2018, Page: 70-75

Slide Malaria Positif pada Murid SDN 45 Pulau Karam Kecamatan Koto XI Tarusan Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan

Abstrak Penyakit malaria hingga saat ini masih merupakan masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Secara epidemiologi Indonesia merupakan daerah endemis mayor malaria di Asia tenggara. Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan adalah salah satu daerah endemis malaria di Sumatera Barat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui frekuensi parasit malaria berdasarkan umur, kenis kelamin dan angka hitung parasitnya (Parasite Count). Telah dilakukan penelitian pada murid SD 45 Pulau Karam dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Data diperoleh dengan pemeriksaan mikroskopis sediaan darah tebal dan tipis yang dipulas dengan pewarnaan Giemsa. Hasil penelitian terhadap 97 murid SDN 45 Pulau Karam didapatkan angka parasit sebanyak 28% dan spesies Plasmodium yang ditemukan seluruhnya merupakan Plasmodium falsiparum. Bedasarkan golongan umur, distribusi frekuensi parasit malaria tertinggi ditemukan pada umur < 10 tahun yaitu 59% dan berdasarkan jenis kelamin, di dapatkan persentase terbesar pada anak laki -laki yaitu sebesar 78%. Parasite Count pada slide darah yang positif parasit malaria yang tertinggi persenan adalah yang < 250/mm³ yaitu sebanyak 96%.Kata kunci: slide darah tebal dan tipis, Parasite Rate, Plasmodium falsiparum, Parasite Count.Abstract Malaria is still a health problem in Indonesia. Indonesia is a major malaria endemic areas in Southeast Asia. District Pesisir Selatan is one of the endemic areas in West Sumatera. The objective of this study was to find the frequency of malaria parasite based on species of malaria parasite, age, gendre and Parasite Count, a study was done on elementary student in SDN 45 Pulau Karam. This research was descriptive. Data obtained by microscopic examination of thick and thin blood preparations were daubed with Giemsa staining. The study of 97 students of SDN 45 Pulau Karam in getting the numbers as much as 28% and the Plasmodium species is found throughout Plasmodium falciparum. Based on the age group, the highest frequency distribution of the malaria parasite was found at age <10 years is 59% and base on gendre, in getting the largest percentage of boys is equal to 78%. Parasite Count on positive blood preparations of the highest malaria parasite gratuities are <250/mm³ as many as 96%.Keywords: thick and thin blood preparations, Parasite Rate, Plasmodium falciparum, Parasite Count.

Stratification of Khartoum urban area by the risk of malaria transmission

A cross-sectional community-based study was carried out in Khartoum urban area aimed at stratifying the area by risk of malaria transmission. Two thousand households [8092 individuals] were surveyed during the cold, dry and rainy seasons of 2002. Households with screened windows, using bednets or both were 5.0% [95% CI: 4.1-6.0], 10.9% [95% CI: 9.5-12.3] and 1.8% [95% CI: 1.2-2.5] respectively. Access to health services was high. Only 3.8% [95% CI: 2.9-4.7] of households kept antimalarial drugs at home. The parasite rate, spleen rate and fever rate were very low [0.21%, 0.17% and 0.97% respectively]. Overall, people in Greater Bahry suffer a greater burden of malaria than those in Greater Khartoum or Greater Omdurman, with a seasonal pattern of transmission.

The parasitology of human scabies (women and children)

In a previous paper (Johnson & Mellanby, 1942) an account was given of the numbers ot adult female Sarcoptes and their distribution in 886 cases of scabies. These cases were all adult males and it was desired to complete the study by a similar analysis of the parasitic infection in women and children. The following is an account of the numbers and distribution of mites in 119 women and eighteen children. Owing to the small number of children these figures are only suggestive. As described in the previous paper the mites are first located with the help of a watchmaker's lens and the parasite is then extracted with a mounted needle. Only adult females are extracted. The number of parasites per case is called ‘the parasite rate’.